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SUCCESSFUL METHODS OF 
PUBLIC SPEAKING 


By Grenville Kleiser 


Inspiration and Ideals 
How to Build Mental Power 

How to Develop Self-Confidence in Speech and Manner 
How to Read and Declaim 
How to Speak in Public 

How to Develop Power and Personality in Speaking 
Great Speeches and How to Make Them 
How to Argue and Win 

Humorous Hits and How to Hold an Audience 
Complete Guide to Public Speaking 
Talks on Talking 

^ Fifteen Thousand Useful Phrases 
The World’s Great Sermons 
Mail Course in Public Speaking 
Mail Course in Practical English 
How to Speak Without Notes 
Something to Say : How to Say It 
Successful Methods of Public Speaking 
Model Speeches for Practise 
\ The Training of a Public Speaker 
How to Sell Through Speech 
Impromptu Speeches : How to Make Them 
Word-Power: How to Develop It 
Christ: The Master Speaker 
Vital English for Speakers and Writers 



Successful Methods 
of Public Speaking 


BY 

GRENVILLE KLEISER 

n 

Formerly Instructor in Public Speaking at Yale Divinity 
School, Yale University. Author of “How to Speak 
in Public /* “Great Speeches and How to Make 
Them/* “ Complete Guide to Public Speak- 
ing “How to Build Mental Power ” 

“ Talks on Talking /’ etc., etc. 



FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY 
NEW YORK AND LONDON 
1919 


C o pS 


I W 

a 


Copyright, 1920, by 

V 

GRENVILLE KLEISER 
[ Printed in the United States of America ] 
Published, February, 1920 


APR 26 1820 i 


Copyright Under the Articles of the Copyright Convention 
of the Pan-American Republics and th§ United States, 
August 11, 191Q 


©CU566693 


Sm ' r 


PREFACE 


As you carefully study the successful 
methods of public speakers, as briefly set 
forth in this book, you will observe that 
there is nothing that can be substituted 
for personal sincerity. Unless you thor- 
oughly believe in the message you wish 
to convey to others, you are not likely to 
impress them favorably. 

It was said of an eminent British ora- 
tor, that when one heard him speak in 
public, one instinctively felt that there 
was something finer in the man than in 
anything he said. 

Therein lies the key to successful ora- 
tory. When the truth of your message 
is deeply engraved on your own mind; 
when your own heart has been touched 
y 


PREFACE 


as by a living flame; when your own 
character and personality testify to the 
innate sincerity and nobility of your 
life, then your speech will be truly elo- 
quent, and men will respond to your 
fervent appeal. 

Grenville Kleiser. 

New York City, 

August, 1919. 


vf 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Preface. v 

Successful Methods of Public 

Speaking 11 

Study of Model Speeches 55 

History of Public Speaking 91 

Extracts for Study, with Lesson 

Talk 117 

How to Speak in Public 145 


vii 









SUCCESSFUL METHODS OF 
PUBLIC SPEAKING 


lx 











/ 





SUCCESSFUL METHODS OF 
PUBLIC SPEAKING 


You can acquire valuable knowledge 
for use in your own public speaking by 
studying the successful methods of other 
men. This does not mean, however, that 
you are to imitate others, but simply to 
profit by their experience and sugges- 
tions in so far as they fit in naturally 
with your personality. 

All successful speakers do not speak 
alike. Each man has found certain 
things to be effective in his particular 
case, but which would not necessarily be 
suited to a different type of speaker. 

When, therefore, you read the follow- 
ing methods of various men, ask your- 
self in each case whether you can apply 
ll 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


the ideas to advantage in your own 
speaking. Put the method to a practical 
test, and decide for yourself whether it 
is advisable for you to adopt it or not. 

Requirements of Effective Speaking 

There are certain requirements in 
public speaking which you and every 
other speaker must observe. You must 
be grammatical, intelligent, lucid, and 
sincere. These are essential. You must 
know your subject thoroughly, and have 
the ability to put it into pleasing and 
persuasive form. 

But beyond these considerations there 
are many things which must be left to 
your temperament, taste, and individu- 
ality. To compel you to speak according 
to inflexible rules would make you not an 
orator but an automaton. 

The temperamental differences in suc- 
cessful speakers have been very great. 
12 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

One eminent speaker used practically 
no gesture ; another was in almost con- 
stant action. One was quiet, modest, and 
convert' ational in his speaking style; an- 
other was impulsive and resistless as a 
mountain torrent. 

It is safe to say that almost any man, 
however unpretentious his language, will 
command a hearing in Congress, Parlia- 
ment, or elsewhere, if he gives accurate 
information upon a subject of import- 
ance and in a manner of unquestioned 
sincerity. 

You will observe in the historical ac- 
counts of great orators, that without a 
single exception they studied, read, prac- 
tised, conversed, and meditated, not 
occasionally, but with daily regularity. 
Many of them were endowed with na- 
tural gifts, but they supplemented these 
with indefatigable work. 


13 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


Well-known Speakers and Their 
Methods 

Chalmers 

There is a rugged type of speaker who 
transcends and seemingly defies all rules 
of oratory. Such a man was the great 
Scottish preacher Chalmers, who was 
without polished elocution, grace, or 
manner, but who through his intellectual 
power and moral earnestness thrilled 
all who heard him. 

He read his sermons entirely from 
manuscripts, but it is evident from the 
effects of his preaching that he was not 
a slave to the written word as many such 
speakers have been. While he read, he 
retained much of his freedom of gesture 
and physical expression, doubtless due 
to familiarity with his subject and thor- 
ough preparation of his message. 


14 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


John Bright 

You can profitably study the speeches 
of John Bright. They are noteworthy 
for their simplicity of diction and uni- 
form quality of directness. His method 
was to make a plain statement of facts, 
enunciate certain fundamental princi- 
ples, then follow with his argument and 
application. 

His choice of words and style of de- 
livery were most carefully studied, and 
his sonorous voice was under such com- 
plete control that he could speak at great 
length without the slightest fatigue. 
Many of his illustrations were drawn 
from the Bible, which he is said to have 
known better than any other book. 

Lord Brougham 

Lord Brougham wrote nine times the 
concluding parts of his speech for the 
defense of Queen Caroline. He once 
15 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


told a young man that if he wanted to 
speak well he must first learn to talk 
well. He recognized that good talking 
was the basis of effective public speak- 
ing. 

Bear in mind, however, that this does 
not mean you are always to confine your- 
self to a conversational level. There are 
themes which demand large treatment, 
wherein vocal power and impassioned 
feeling are appropriate and essential. 
But what Lord Brougham meant, and it 
is equally true to-day, was that good 
public speaking is fundamentally good 
talking. 

Edmund Burke 

Edmund Burke recommended debate 
as one of the best means for developing 
facility and power in public speaking. 
Himself a master of debate, he said, 
“He that wrestles with us strengthens 
our nerves and sharpens our skill. Our 
16 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


antagonist is our helper. This amiable 
conflict with difficulty obliges us to have 
an intimate acquaintance with our sub- 
ject, and compels us to consider it in all 
its relations. It will not suffer us to be 
superficial. ’ * 

Burke, like all great orators, believed 
in premeditation, and always wrote and 
corrected his speeches with fastidious 
care. While such men knew that in- 
spiration might come at the moment of 
speaking, they preferred to base their 
chances of success upon painstaking 
preparation. 

Massillon 

Massillon, the great French divine, 
spoke in a commanding voice and in a 
style so direct that at times he almost 
overwhelmed his hearers. His pointed 
and personal questions could not be 
evaded. He sent truth like fiery darts 
to the hearts of his hearers. 


17 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

I ask yon to note very carefully the 
following eloquent passage from a ser- 
mon in which he explained how men jus- 
tified themselves because they were no 
worse than the multitude: 

“On this account it is, my brethren, 
that I confine myself to you who at pres- 
ent are assembled here ; I include not the 
rest of men, but consider you as alone 
existing on the earth. The idea which 
occupies and frightens me is this: I 
figure to myself the present as your last 
hour and the end of the world; that the 
heavens are going to open above your 
heads; our Savior, in all His glory, to 
appear in the midst of the temple; and 
that you are only assembled here to wait 
His coming ; like trembling criminals on 
whom the sentence is to be pronounced, 
either of life eternal or of everlasting 
death ; for it is vain to flatter yourselves 
that you shall die more innocent than 
18 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


you are at this hour. All those desires 
of change with which you are amused 
will continue to amuse you till death 
arrives, the experience of all ages proves 
it; the only difference you have to ex- 
pect will most likely be a larger bal- 
ance against you than what you would 
have to answer for at present ; and from 
what would be your destiny were you 
to be judged this moment, you may al- 
most decide upon what will take place 
at your departure from life. Now, I ask 
you (and connecting my own lot with 
yours I ask with dread), were Jesus 
Christ to appear in this temple, in the 
midst of this assembly, to judge us, to 
make the dreadful separation betwixt 
the goats and sheep, do you believe that 
the greatest number of us would be 
placed at His right hand? Do you be- 
lieve that the number would at least be 
equal ? Do you believe there would even 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


be found ten upright and faithful ser- 
vants of the Lord, when formerly five 
cities could not furnish so many? I ask 
you. You know not, and I know it not. 
Thou alone, 0 my God, knowest who be- 
long to Thee. But if we know not who 
belong to Him, at least we know that 
sinners do not. Now, who are the just 
and faithful assembled here at present? 
Titles and dignities avail nothing, you 
are stript of all these in the presence 
of your Savior. Who are they? Many 
sinners who wish not to be converted; 
many more who wish, but always put it 
off ; many others who are only converted 
in appearance, and again fall back to 
their former courses. In a word, a great 
number who flatter themselves they have 
no occasion for conversion. This is the 
party of the reprobate. Ah! my breth- 
ren, cut off from this assembly these 
four classes of sinners, for they will be 
20 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

cut off at the great day. And now ap- 
pear, ye just! Where are ye? 0 God, 
where are Thy chosen? And what a 
portion remains to Thy share.” 

Gladstone 

Gladstone had by nature a musical 
and melodious voice, but through prac- 
tise he developed an unusual range of 
compass and variety. He could sink it 
to a whisper and still be audible, while 
in open-air meetings he could easily 
make himself heard by thousands. 

He was courteous, and even ceremon- 
ious, in his every-day meeting with men, 
so that it was entirely natural for him 
to be deferential and ingratiating in his 
public speaking. He is an excellent il- 
lustration of the value of cultivating in 
daily conversation and manner the qual- 
ities you desire to have in your public 
address. 


21 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


John Quincy Adams 

John Quincy Adams read two chap- 
ters from the Bible every morning, 
which accounted in large measure for 
his resourceful English style. He was 
fond of using the pen in daily composi- 
tion, and constantly committed to paper 
the first thoughts which occurred to him 
upon any important subject. 

Fox 

The ambition of Fox w T as to become a 
great political orator and debater, in 
which at last he succeeded. His mental 
agility was manifest in his reply to an 
elector whom he had canvassed for a 
vote, and who offered him a halter in- 
stead. “Oh thank you,” said Fox, “I 
would not deprive you of what is evi- 
dently a family relic.” 

His method was to take each argu- 
ment of an opponent, and dispose of it in 
22 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

regular order. His passion was for ar- 
gument, upon great or petty subjects. 
He availed himself of every opportunity 
to speak. 4 ‘ During five whole sessions, ’ ’ 
he said, “I spoke every night but one; 
and I regret that I did not speak on that 
night, too.” 

Theodore Parker 

Theodore Parker always read his ser- 
mons aloud while writing them, in order 
to test their 4 ‘ speaking quality.” His 
opinion was that an impressive delivery 
depended particularly upon vigorous 
feeling, energetic thinking, and clearness 
of statement. 

Henry Ward Beeecher 
Henry Ward Beecher’s method was 
to practise vocal exercises in the open 
air, exploding all the vowel sounds in 
various keys. This practise duly pro- 
duced a most flexible instrument, which 
23 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


served him throughout his brilliant ca- 
reer. He said : 

“I had from childhood impediments 
of speech arising from a large palate, so 
that when a boy I used to be laughed 
at for talking as if I had a pudding in 
my mouth. When I went to Amherst, I 
was fortunate in passing into the hands 
of John Lovell, a teacher of elocution, 
and a better teacher for my purpose I 
can not conceive of. His system con- 
sisted in drill, or the thorough practise 
of inflections by the voice, of gesture, 
posture and articulation. Sometimes I 
was a whole hour practising my voice 
on a word — like justice. I would have 
to take a posture, frequently at a mark 
chalked on the floor. Then we would go 
through all the gestures, exercising each 
movement of the arm and throwing open 
the hand. All gestures except those of 
precision go in curves, the arm rising 
24 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


from the side, coming to the front, turn- 
ing to the left or right. I was drilled 
as to how far the arm should come for- 
ward, where it should start from, how 
far go back, and under what circum- 
stances these movements should be 
made. It was drill, drill, drill, until the 
motions almost became a second nature. 
Now, I never know what movements I 
shall make. My gestures are natural, 
because this drill made them natural to 
me. The only method of acquiring ef- 
fective elocution is by practise, of not 
less than an hour a day, until the stu- 
dent has his voice and himself thor- 
oughly subdued and trained to get right 
expression/ ’ 

Lord Bolingbroke 

Lord Bolingbroke made it a rule al- 
ways to speak well in daily conversation, 
however unimportant the occasion. His 
taste and accuracy at last gave him a 
25 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


style in ordinary speech worthy to have 
been put into print as it fell from his 
lips. 

Lord Chatham 

Lord Chatham, despite his great na- 
tural endowments for speaking, devoted 
a regular time each day to developing a 
varied and copious vocabulary. He twice 
examined each word in the dictionary, 
from beginning to end, in his ardent de- 
sire to master the English language. 

John Philpot Curran 
The well-known case of John Philpot 
Curran should give encouragement to 
every aspiring student of public speak- 
ing. He was generally known as “Ora- 
tor Mum, n because of his failure in his 
first attempt at public speaking. But he 
resolved to develop his oratorical pow- 
ers, and devoted every morning to in- 
tense reading. In addition, he regularly 
26 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

carried in his pocket a small copy of a 
classic for convenient reading at odd 
moments. 

It is said that he daily practised de- 
clamation before a looking-glass, closely 
scrutinizing his gesture, posture, and 
manner. He was an earnest student of 
public speaking, and eventually became 
one of the most eloquent of world 
orators. 

Balfour 

Among present-day speakers in Eng- 
land Mr. Balfour occupies a leading 
place. He possesses the gift of never 
saying a word too much, a habit which 
might be copied to advantage by many 
public speakers. His habit during a de- 
bate is to scribble a few words on an en- 
velop, and then to speak with rare fa- 
cility of English style. 


27 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


Bonar Law 

Bonar Law does not use any notes in 
the preparation of a speech, but care- 
fully thinks out the various parts, and 
then by means of a series of “mental 
rehearsals” fixes them indelibly in his 
mind. The result of this conscientious 
practise has made him a formidable 
debater and extempore speaker. 

Asquith 

Herbert H. Asquith, who possesses the 
rare gift of summoning the one inevit- 
able word, and of compressing his 
speeches into a small space of time, 
speaks with equal success whether from 
a prepared manuscript or wholly ex- 
tempore. His unsurpassed English style 
is the result of many years reading and 
study of prose masterpieces. “He pro- 
duces, wherever and whenever he wants 
them, an endless succession of perfectly 
28 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


coined sentences, conceived with un- 
matched felicity and delivered without 
hesitation in a parliamentary style which 
is at once the envy and the despair of 
imitators.” 

Bryan 

William Jennings Bryan is by common 
consent one of the greatest public speak- 
ers in America. He has a voice of un- 
usual power and compass, and his deliv- 
ery is natural and deliberate. His style 
is generally forensic, altho he fre- 
quently rises to the dramatic. He has 
been a diligent student of oratory, and 
once said: 

“The age of oratory has not passed; 
nor will it pass. The press, instead of 
displacing the orator, has given him a 
larger audience and enabled him to do 
a more extended work. As long as there 
are human rights to be defended; as 
long as there §tre great interests to be 
29 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

guarded; as long as the welfare of na- 
tions is a matter for discussion, so long 
will public speaking have its place.’ ’ 

Roosevelt 

Theodore Roosevelt was one of the 
most effective of American public speak- 
ers, due in large measure to intense 
moral earnestness and great stores of 
physical vitality. His diction was direct 
and his style energetic. He spoke out 
of the fulness of a well-furnished mind. 

Success Factors in Platform Speaking 

Constant practise of composition has 
been the habit of all great orators. This, 
combined with the habit of reading and 
re-reading the best prose writers and 
poets, accounts in large measure for the 
felicitous style of such men as Burke, 
Erskine, Macaulay, Bolingbroke, Phil- 
lips, Everett and Webster, 

30 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

I can not too often urge you to use 
your pen in daily composition as a means 
to felicity and facility of speech. The 
act of writing out your thoughts is a 
direct aid to concentration, and tends to 
enforce the habit of choosing the best 
language. It gives clearness, force, pre- 
cision, beauty, and copiousness of style, 
so valuable in extemporaneous and im- 
promptu speaking. 

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 
OF MEMORIZING SPEECHES 

Some of the most highly successful 
speakers carefully wrote out, revised, 
and committed to memory important 
passages in their speeches. These they 
dexterously wove into the body of their 
addresses in such a natural manner as 
not to expose their method. 

This plan, however, is not to he gen- 
erally recommended, since few men have 
31 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


the faculty of rendering memorized 
parts so as to make them appear ex- 
tempore. If you recite rather than speak 
to an audience, you may be a good enter- 
tainer, but just to that degree will you 
impair your power and effectiveness as 
a public speaker. 

There are speakers who have success- 
fully used the plan of committing to 
memory significant sentences, state- 
ments, or sayings, and skilfully embody- 
ing them in their speeches. You might 
test this method for yourself, tho it is 
attended with danger. 

If possible, join a local debating so- 
ciety, where you will have excellent op- 
portunity for practise in thinking and 
speaking on your feet. Many distin- 
guished public speakers have owed their 
fluency of speech and self-confidence to 
early practise in debate. 


32 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 
THE VALUE OF REPETITION 

Persuasion is a task of skill. You 
must bring to your aid in speaking every 
available resource. An effective weapon 
at times is a 4 ‘ remorseless iteration/ ’ 
Have the courage to repeat yourself 
as often as may be necessary to impress 
your leading ideas upon the minds of 
your hearers. Note the forensic maxim, 
“tell a judge twice whatever you want 
him to hear; tell a special jury thrice, 
and a common jury half a dozen times, 
the view of a case you wish them to en- 
tertain. ’ ’ 

THE NEED OF SELF-CONFIDENCE 

Whatever methods of premeditation 
you adopt in the preparation of a speech, 
having planned everything to the best 
of your ability, dismiss from your mind 
all anxiety and all thought about your- 
self. 


33 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

Eight preparation and earnest prac- 
tise should give you a full degree of con- 
fidence in your ability to perform the 
task before you. When you stand at 
last before the audience, it should be 
with the assurance that you are thor- 
oughly equipped to say something of 
real interest and importance. 

THE POWER OF PERSONALITY 

Personality plays a vital part in a 
speaker’s success. Gladstone described 
Cardinal Newman’s manner in the pulpit 
as unsatisfactory if considered in its sep- 
arate parts. 4 4 There was not much 
change in the inflection of his voice; ac- 
tion there was none; his sermons were 
read, and his eyes were always on his 
book ; and all that, you will say, is 
against efficiency in preaching. Yes; 
but you take the man as a whole, and 
there was a stamp and a seal upon him, 

34 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


there was solemn music and sweetness 
in his tone, there was a completeness in 
the figure, taken together with the tone 
and with the manner, which made even 
his delivery such as I have described it, 
and tho exclusively with written ser- 
mons, singularly attractive. ’ ’ 

THE DANGER OF IMITATION 

It is a fatal mistake, as I have said, 
to set out deliberately to imitate some 
favorite speaker, and to mold your style 
after his. You will observe certain 
things and methods in other speakers 
which will fit in naturally with your style 
and temperament. To this extent you 
may advantageously adopt them, but 
always be on your guard against any- 
thing which might in the slightest de- 
gree impair your own individuality. 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 
Speech for Study, with Lesson Talk 

FEATURES OF AN ELOQUENT 
ADDRESS 

You will find useful material for study 
and practise in the speech which follows, 
delivered by Lord Rosebery at the Un- 
veiling of the Statue of Gladstone at 
Glasgow, Scotland, October 11th, 1902. 

The English style is noteworthy for 
its uniform charm and naturalness. 
There is an unmistakable personal note 
which contributes greatly to the effect 
of the speaker’s words. 

This eloquent address is a model for 
such an occasion, and a good illustration 
of the work of a speaker thoroughly fa- 
miliar with his theme. It has sufficient 
variety to sustain interest, dignity in 
keeping with the subject, and a note of 
inspiration which would profoundly im- 
36 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

press an audience of thinking men. It is 
a scholarly address. 

Note the concise introductory sen- 
tences. Repeat them aloud and observe 
how easily they flow from the lips. 
Notice the balance and variety of suc- 
cessive sentences, the stately diction, and 
the underlying tone of deep sincerity. 

Examine every phrase and sentence 
of this eloquent speech. Study the con- 
clusion and particularly the closing 
paragraph. When you have thoroughly 
analyzed the speech, stand up and ren- 
der it aloud in clear-cut tones and ap- 
propriately dignified style. 

SPEECH FOR STUDY 

AT THE UNVEILING OF THE 
STATUE OF GLADSTONE 
( Address of Lord Rosebery ) 

I am here to-day to unveil the image of 
one of the great figures of our country. 

37 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


It is right and fitting that it should stand 
here. A statue of Mr. Gladstone is con- 
genial in any part of Scotland. But in 
this Scottish city, teeming with eager 
workers, endowed with a great Univer- 
sity, a center of industry, commerce, and 
thought, a statue of William Ewart 
Gladstone is at home. 

But you in Glasgow have more per- 
sonal claims to a share in the inheritance 
of Mr. Gladstone’s fame. I, at any rate, 
can recall one memory — the record of 
that marvelous day in December, 1879, 
nearly twenty-three years ago, when the 
indomitable old man delivered his rec- 
torial address to the students at noon, 
a long political speech in St. Andrew’s 
Hall in the evening, and a substantial 
discourse on receiving an address from 
the Corporation at ten o’clock at night. 
Some of you may have been present at 
all these gatherings, some only at the 
38 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

political meeting. If they were, they 
may remember the little incidents of the 
meeting — the glasses which were hope- 
lessly lost and then, of course, found on 
the orator’s person — the desperate can- 
dle brought in, stuck in a water-bottle, to 
attempt sufficient light to read an ex- 
tract. And what a meeting it was — 
teeming, delirious, absorbed! Do you 
have such meetings now? They seem to 
me pretty good ; but the meetings of that 
time stand out before all others in my 
mind. 

This statue is erected, not out of the 
national subscription, but by the contri- 
butions from men of all creeds in Glas- 
gow and in the West. I must then, in 
what I have to say, leave out altogether 
the political aspect of Mr. Gladstone. 
In some cases such a rule would omit all 
that was interesting in a man. There are 
characters, from which if you subtracted 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


politics, there would be nothing left. It 
was not so with Mr. Gladstone. 

To the great mass of his fellow- 
countrymen he was of course a states- 
man, wildly worshipped by some, wildly 
detested by others. But, to those who 
were privileged to know him, his politics 
seemed but the least part of him. The 
predominant part, to which all else was 
subordinated, was his religion; the life 
which seemed to attract him most was 
the life of the library; the subject which 
engrossed him most was the subject of 
the moment, whatever it might be, and 
that, when he was out of office, was very 
rarely politics. Indeed, I sometimes 
doubt whether his natural bent was 
toward politics at all. Had his course 
taken him that way, as it very nearly did, 
he would have been a great churchman, 
greater perhaps than any that this 
island has known ; he would have been a 
40 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


great professor, if you could have found 
a university big enough to hold him ; he 
would have been a great historian, a 
great bookman, he would have grappled 
with whole libraries and wrestled with 
academies, had the fates placed him in a 
cloister ; indeed it is difficult to conceive 
the career, except perhaps the military, 
in which his energy and intellect and ap- 
plication would not have placed him on 
a summit. Politics, however, took him 
and claimed his life service, but, jealous 
mistress as she is, could never thor- 
oughly absorb him. 

Such powers as I have indicated seem 
to belong to a giant and a prodigy, and 
I can understand many turning away 
from the contemplation of such a charac- 
ter, feeling that it is too far removed 
from them to interest them, and that it 
is too unapproachable to help them — that 
it is like reading of Hercules or Hector, 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


mythical heroes whose achievements the 
actual living mortal can not hope to rival. 
Well, that is true enough; we have not 
received intellectual faculties equal to 
Mr. Gladstone’s, and can not hope to vie 
with him in their exercise. But apart 
from them, his great force was charac- 
ter, and amid the vast multitude that I 
am addressing, there is none who may 
not be helped by him. 

The three signal qualities which made 
him what he was, were courage, industry, 
and faith ; dauntless courage, unflagging 
industry, a faith which was part of his 
fiber; these were the levers with which 
he moved the world. 

I do not speak of his religious faith, 
that demands a worthier speaker and 
another occasion. But no one who knew 
Mr. Gladstone could fail to see that it 
was the essence, the savor, the motive 
power of his life. Strange as it may 
42 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

seem, I can not doubt that while this at- 
tracted many to him, it alienated others, 
others not themselves irreligious, but 
who suspected the sincerity of so mani- 
fest a devotion, and who, reared in the 
moderate atmosphere of the time, dis- 
liked the intrusion of religious consid- 
erations into politics. These, however, 
though numerous enough, were the ex- 
ceptions, and it can not, I think, be ques- 
tioned that Mr. Gladstone not merely 
raised the tone of public discussion, but 
quickened and renewed the religious 
feeling of the society in which he moved. 

But this is not the faith of which I am 
thinking to-day. What is present to me 
is the faith with which he espoused and 
pursued great causes. There also he 
had faith sufficient to move mountains, 
and did sometimes move mountains. He 
did not lightly resolve, he came to no 
hasty conclusion, but when he had con- 
43 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


vinced himself that a cause was right, 
it engrossed him, it inspired him, with 
a certainty as deep-seated and as im- 
perious as ever moved mortal man. To 
him, then, obstacles, objections, the coun- 
sels of doubters and critics were as 
nought, he pressed on with the passion 
of a whirlwind, but also with the steady 
persistence of some puissant machine. 

He had, of course, like every states- 
man, often to traffic with expediency, he 
had always, I suppose, to accept some- 
thing less than his ideal, but his un- 
quenchable faith, not in himself — tho 
that with experience must have waxed 
strong — not in himself but in his cause, 
sustained him among the necessary 
shifts and transactions of the moment, 
and kept his head high in the heavens. 

Such faith, such moral conviction, is 
not given to all men, for the treasures 
of his nature were in ingots, and not in 
44 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


dust. But there is, perhaps, no man with- 
out some faith in some cause or some 
person ; if so, let him take heart, in how- 
ever small a minority he may be, by re- 
membering how mighty a strength was 
Gladstone’s power of faith. 

His next great force lay in his indus- 
try. I do not know if the aspersions of 
“ca’ canny” be founded, but at any rate 
there was no “ca’ canny” about him. 
From his earliest school-days, if tradi- 
tion be true, to the bed of death, he gave 
his full time and energy to work. No 
doubt his capacity for labor was unusual. 
He would sit up all night writing a 
pamphlet, and work next day as usual. 
An eight-hours’ day would have been a 
holiday to him, for he preached and 
practised the gospel of work to its full- 
est extent. He did not, indeed, disdain 
pleasure; no one enjoyed physical exer- 
cise, or a good play, or a pleasant din- 
45 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


ner, more than he; he drank in deep 
draughts of the highest and the best that 
life had to offer ; but even in pastime he 
was never idle. He did not know what it 
was to saunter, he debited himself with 
every minute of his time; he combined 
with the highest intellectual powers the 
faculty of utilizing them to the fullest 
extent by intense application. Moreover, 
his industry was prodigious in result, 
for he was an extraordinarily rapid 
worker. Dumont says of Mirabeau, that 
till he met that marvelous man he had 
no idea of how much could be achieved 
in a day. “Had I not lived with him,” 
he says, ‘ ‘ I should not know what can be 
accomplished in a day, all that can be 
comprest into an interval of twelve 
hours. A day was worth more to him 
than a week or a month to others.” 
Many men can be busy for hours with 
a mighty small product, but with Mr. 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


Gladstone every minute was fruitful. 
That, no doubt, was largely due to hi» 
marvelous powers of concentration. 
When he was staying at Dalmeny in 
1879 he kindly consented to sit for his 
bust. The only difficulty was that there 
was no time for sittings. So the sculptor 
with his clay model was placed opposite 
Mr. Gladstone as he worked, and they 
spent the mornings together, Mr. Glad- 
stone writing away, and the clay figure 
of himself less than a yard off gradually 
assuming shape and form. Anything 
more distracting I can not conceive, 
but it had no effect on the busy patient. 
And now let me make a short digression. 
I saw recently in your newspapers that 
there was some complaint of the manners 
of the rising generation in Glasgow. If 
that be so, they are heedless of Mr. 
Gladstone’s example. It might be 
thought that so impetuous a temper as 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


his might be occasionally rough or 
abrupt. That was not so. His exquisite 
urbanity was one of his most conspicu- 
ous graces. I do not now only allude to 
that grave, old-world courtesy, which 
gave so much distinction to his private 
life; for his sweetness of manner went 
far beyond demeanor. His spoken words, 
his letters, even when one differed from 
him most acutely, were all marked by 
this special note. He did not like peo- 
ple to disagree with him, few people do ; 
but, so far as manner went, it was more 
pleasant to disagree with Mr. Gladstone 
than to be in agreement with some 
others. 

Lastly, I come to his courage — that 
perhaps was his greatest quality, for 
when he gave his heart and reason to a 
cause, he never counted the cost. Most 
men are physically brave, and this na- 
tion is reputed to be especially brave, 
48 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


but Mr. Gladstone was brave among the 
brave. He had to the end the vitality of 
physical courage. When well on in his 
ninth decade, well on to ninety, he was 
knocked over by a cab, and before the 
bystanders could rally to his assistance, 
he had pursued the cab with a view to 
taking its number. He had, too, no- 
toriously, political courage in a not less 
degree than Sir Robert Walpole. We 
read that George II, who was little 
given to enthusiasm, would often cry 
out, with color flushing into his cheeks, 
and tears sometimes in his eyes, and 
with a vehement oath: — “He (Walpole) 
is a brave fellow; he has more spirit than 
any man I ever knew.” 

Mr. Gladstone did not yield to Wal- 
pole in political and parliamentary cour- 
age — it was a quality which he closely 
observed in others, and on which he was 
fond of descanting. But he had the 
49 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


rarest and choicest courage of all — I 
mean moral courage. That was his su- 
preme characteristic, and it was with 
him, like others, from the first. A con- 
temporary of his at Eton once told me 
of a scene, at which my informant was 
present, when some loose or indelicate 
toast was proposed, and all present 
drank it but young Gladstone. In spite 
of the storm of objurgation and ridicule 
that raged around him, he jammed his 
face, as it were, down in his hands on 
the table and would not budge. Every 
schoolboy knows, for we may here ac- 
curately use Macaulay’s well-known ex- 
pression, every schoolboy knows the 
courage that this implies. And even by 
the heedless generation of boyhood it 
was appreciated, for we find an Etonian 
writing to his parents to ask that he 
might go to Oxford rather than Cam- 
bridge, on the sole ground that at Ox- 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


ford he would have the priceless advan- 
tage of Gladstone’s influence and exam- 
ple. Nor did his courage ever flag. He 
might be right, or he might be wrong — 
that is not the question here — but when 
he was convinced that he was right, not 
all the combined powers of Parliament 
or society or the multitude could for an 
instant hinder his course, whether it 
ended in success or in failure. Success 
left him calm, he had had so much of it ; 
nor did failures greatly depress him. 
The next morning found him once more 
facing the world with serene and un- 
daunted brow. There was a man. The 
nation has lost him, but preserves his 
character, his manhood, as a model, on 
which she may form if she be fortunate, 
coming generations of men. With his 
politics, with his theology, with his mani- 
fold graces and gifts of intellect, we are 
not concerned to-day, not even with his 
51 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


warm and passionate human sympa- 
thies. They are not dead with him, but 
let them rest with him, for we can not in 
one discourse view him in all his parts. 
To-day it is enough to have dealt for a 
moment on three of his great moral char- 
acteristics, enough to have snatched 
from the fleeting hour a few moments of 
communion with the mighty dead. 

History has not yet allotted him his 
definite place, hut no one would now deny 
that he bequeathed a pure standard of 
life, a record of lofty ambition for the 
public good as he understood it, a monu- 
ment of life-long labor. Such lives speak 
for themselves, they need no statues, 
they face the future with the confidence 
of high purpose and endeavor. The 
statues are not for them but for us, to 
bid us be conscious of our trust, mindful 
of our duty, scornful of opposition to 
principle and faith. They summon us 
52 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


to account for time and opportunity, 
they embody an inspiring tradition, they 
are milestones in the life of a nation. 
The effigy of Pompey was bathed in the 
blood of his great rival: let this statue 
have the nobler destiny of constantly 
calling to life worthy rivals of Glad- 
stone^ fame and character. 

Unveil, then, that statue. Let it stand 
to Glasgow in all time coming for faith, 
fortitude, courage, industry, qualities 
apart from intellect or power or wealth, 
which may inspire all her citizens how- 
ever humble, however weak; let it re- 
mind the most unthinking passer-by of 
the dauntless character which it repre- 
sents, of his long life and honest pur- 
pose ; let it leaven by an immortal tradi- 
tion the population which lives and 
works and dies around this monument. 


08 


STUDY OF MODEL SPEECHES 


ss 














* 


































MODEL SPEECHES, 
WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR 
THEIR STUDY 


There is no better way for you to im- 
prove your own public speaking than 
to analyze and study the speeches of 
successful orators. 

First read such speeches aloud, since 
by that means you fit words to your lips 
and acquire a familiarity with oratorical 
style. 

Then examine the speaker’s method of 
arranging his thoughts, and the precise 
way in which they lead up and contrib- 
ute to his ultimate object. 

Carefully note any special means em- 
ployed — story, illustration, appeal, or 
climax, — to increase the effectiveness of 
the speech. 


57 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


John Stuart Mill 

Read the following speech delivered 
by John Stuart Mill, in his tribute to 
Garrison. Note the clear-cut English 
of the speaker. Observe how promptly 
he goes to his subject, and how steadily 
he keeps to it. Particularly note the 
high level of thought maintained 
throughout. This is an excellent model 
of dignified, well-reasoned, convincing 
speech. 

“Mr. Chairman, Ladies, and Gentle- 
men, — The speakers who have preceded 
me have, with an eloquence far beyond 
anything which I can command, laid be- 
fore our honored guest the homage of 
admiration and gratitude which we all 
feel due to his heroic life. Instead of 
idly expatiating upon things which have 
been far better said than I could say 
them, I would rather endeavor to recall 
one or two lessons applicable to our- 
58 


STUDY OF MODEL SPEECHES 

selves, which may be drawn from his ca- 
reer. A noble work nobly done always 
contains in itself not one but many les- 
sons; and in the case of him whose 
character and deeds we are here to com- 
memorate, two may be singled out spe- 
cially deserving to be laid to heart by 
all who would wish to leave the world 
better than they found it. 

“The first lesson is, — Aim at some- 
thing great; aim at things which are 
difficult; and there is no great thing 
which is not difficult. Do not pare down 
your undertaking to what you can hope 
to see successful in the next few years, 
or in the years of your own life. Fear 
not the reproach of Quixotism or of 
fanaticism; but after you have well 
weighed what you undertake, if you see 
your way clearly, and are convinced that 
you are right, go forward, even tho 
you, like Mr. Garrison, do it at the risk 
69 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


of being torn to pieces by the very men 
through whose changed hearts your pur- 
pose will one day be accomplished. Fight 
on with all your strength against what- 
ever odds and with however small a band 
of supporters. If you are right, the 
time will come when that small band will 
swell into a multitude ; you will at least 
lay the foundations of something mem- 
orable, and you may, like Mr. Garrison 
— tho you ought not to need or ex- 
pect so great a reward — be spared to see 
that work completed which, when you 
began it, you only hoped it might be 
given to you to help forward a few stages 
on its way. 

“The other lesson which it appears 
to me important to enforce, amongst the 
many that may be drawn from our 
friend’s life, is this: If you aim at 
something noble and succeed in it, you 
will generally find that you have suc- 
60 


STUDY OF MODEL SPEECHES 

ceeded not in that alone. A hundred 
other good and noble things which you 
never dreamed of will have been accom- 
plished by the way, and the more cer- 
tainly, the sharper and more agonizing 
has been the struggle which preceded the 
victory. The heart and mind of a nation 
are never stirred from their foundations 
without manifold good fruits. In the 
case of the great American contest these 
fruits have been already great, and are 
daily becoming greater. The prejudices 
which beset every form of society — and 
of which there was a plentiful crop in 
America — are rapidly melting away. 
The chains of prescription have been 
broken ; it is not only the slave who has 
been freed — the mind of America has 
been emancipated. The whole intellect 
of the country has been set thinking 
about the fundamental questions of so- 
ciety and government ; and the new 
61 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


problems which have to be solved and 
the new difficulties which have to be en- 
countered are calling forth new activity 
of thought, and that great nation is 
saved probably for a long time to come, 
from the most formidable danger of a 
completely settled state of society and 
opinion — intellectual and moral stagna- 
tion. This, then, is an additional item of 
the debt which America and mankind 
owe to Mr. Garrison and his noble asso- 
ciates ; and it is well calculated to deepen 
our sense of the truth which his whole 
career most strikingly illustrates — that 
tho our best directed efforts may 
often seem wasted and lost, nothing 
coming of them that can be pointed to 
and distinctly identified as a definite gain 
to humanity, tho this may happen 
ninety-nine times in every hundred, the 
hundredth time the result may be so 
great and dazzling that we had never 
62 


STUDY OF MODEL SPEECHES 

dared to hope for it, and should have 
regarded him who had predicted it to 
us as sanguine beyond the bounds of 
mental sanity. So has it been with Mr. 
Garrison.” 

It will be beneficial for your all-round 
development in speaking to choose for 
earnest study several speeches of widely 
different character. As you compare 
one speech with another, you will more 
readily see why each subject requires 
a different form of treatment, and also 
learn to judge how the speaker has 
availed himself of the possibilities af- 
forded him. 

Judge Story 

The speech which follows is a fine 
example of elevated and impassioned 
oratory. Judge Story here lauds the 
American Republic, and employs to ad- 
vantage the rhetorical figures of excla- 
mation and interrogation. 

63 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

As you examine this speech you will 
notice that the speaker himself was 
moved by deep conviction. His own be- 
lief stamped itself upon his words, and 
throughout there is the unmistakable 
mark of sincerity. 

You are impressed by the comprehen- 
sive treatment of the subject. The ora- 
tor here speaks out of a full mind, and 
you feel that you would confidently trust 
yourself to his leadership. 

“ When we reflect on what has been and 
what is, how is it possible not to feel 
a profound sense of the responsibilities 
of this Republic to all future ages? 
What vast motives press upon us for 
lofty efforts! What brilliant prospects 
invite our enthusiasm! What solemn 
warnings at once demand our vigilance 
and moderate our confidence ! The Old 
World has already revealed to us, in its 
unsealed books, the beginning and the 

64 


STUDY OF MODEL SPEECHES 


end of all marvelous struggles in the 
.cause of liberty. 

“Greece! lovely Greece! ‘the land of 
scholars and the nurse of arms/ where 
sister republics, in fair processions 
chanted the praise of liberty and the 
good, where and what is she? For two 
thousand years the oppressors have 
bound her to the earth. Her arts are no 
more. The last sad relics of her tem- 
ples are but the barracks of a ruthless 
soldiery; the fragments of her columns 
and her palaces are in the dust, yet beau- 
tiful in ruins. 

“She fell not when the mighty were 
upon her. Her sons united at Thermopy- 
lae and Marathon; and the tide of her 
triumph rolled back upon the Hellespont. 
She was conquered by her own factions 
— she fell by the hands of her own peo- 
ple. The man of Macedonia did not the 
work of destruction. It was already 
65 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


done by her own corruptions, banish- 
ments, and dissensions. Rome! whose 
eagles glanced in the rising and setting 
sun, where and what is she 1 The Eternal 
City yet remains, proud even in her 
desolation, noble in her decline, vener- 
able in the majesty of religion, and calm 
as in the composure of death. 

“The malaria has but traveled in the 
parts won by the destroyers. More than 
eighteen centuries have mourned over 
the loss of the empire. A mortal disease 
was upon her before Caesar had crossed 
the Rubicon ; and Brutus did not restore 
her health by the deep probings of the 
senate-chamber. The Goths, and Van- 
dals, and Huns, the swarms of the North, 
completed only what was begun at home. 
Romans betrayed Rome. The legions 
were bought and sold, but the people 
offered the tribute-money. 

“And where are the republics of mod- 
66 


STUDY OF MODEL SPEECHES 

ern times, which cluster around immortal 
Italy? Venice and Genoa exist but in 
name. The Alps, indeed, look down upon 
the brave and peaceful Swiss in their na- 
tive fastnesses; but the guaranty of 
their freedom is in their weakness, and 
not in their strength. The mountains 
are not easily crossed, and the valleys 
are not easily retained. 

4 4 When the invader comes, he moves 
like an avalanche, carrying destruction 
in his path. The peasantry sink before 
him. The country, too, is too poor for 
plunder, and too rough for a valuable 
conquest. Nature presents her eternal 
barrier on every side, to check the 
wantonness of ambition. And Switzer- 
land remains with her simple institu- 
tions, a military road to climates scarcely 
worth a permanent possession, and pro- 
tected by the jealousy of her neighbors. 

*‘We stand the latest, and if we fall, 
<57 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


probably the last experiment of self- 
government by the people. We have 
begun it under circumstances of the 
most auspicious nature. We are in the 
vigor of youth. Our growth has never 
been checked by the oppression of ty- 
ranny. Our Constitutions never have 
been enfeebled by the vice or the luxuries 
of the world. Such as we are, we have 
been from the beginning : simple, hardy, 
intelligent, accustomed to self-govern- 
ment and self-respect. 

“The Atlantic rolls between us and 
a formidable foe. Within our own ter- 
ritory, stretching through many degrees 
of latitude, we have the choice of many 
products, and many means of independ- 
ence. The government is mild. The 
press is free. Religion is free. Knowl- 
edge reaches, or may reach every home. 
What fairer prospects of success could 
be presented? What means more ade- 
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STUDY OF MODEL SPEECHES 

quate to accomplish the sublime end! 
What more is necessary than for the 
people to preserve what they themselves 
have created! 

“ Already has the age caught the spirit 
of our institutions. It has already as- 
cended the Andes, and snuffed the 
breezes of both oceans. It has infused 
itself into the life-blood of Europe, and 
warmed the sunny plains of France and 
the lowlands of Holland. It has touched 
the philosophy of Germany and the 
North, and, moving onward to the South, 
has opened to Greece the lesson of her 
better days. 

“Can it be that America under such 
circumstances, should betray herself? 
That she is to be added to the catalog 
of republics, the inscription upon whose 
ruin is, ‘They were but they are not! 1 
Forbid it, my countrymen! forbid it, 
Heaven ! I call upon you, fathers, by the 
69 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


shades of your ancestors, by the dear 
ashes which repose in this precious soil, 
by all you are, and all you hope to be, 
resist every attempt to fetter your con- 
sciences, or smother your public schools, 
or extinguish your system of public in- 
struction. 

“I call upon you, mothers, by that 
which never fails in woman, the love of 
your offspring, to teach them as they 
climb your knees or lean on your bosoms, 
the blessings of liberty. Swear them at 
the altar, as with their baptismal vows, 
to be true to their country, and never 
forsake her. I call upon you, young men, 
to remember whose sons you are — whose 
inheritance you possess. Life can never 
be too short, which brings nothing but 
disgrace and oppression. Death never 
comes too soon, if necessary, in defense 
of the liberties of our country.” 

You can advantageously read aloud 
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STUDY OF MODEL SPEECHES 

many times a speech like the foregoing. 
Stand up and read it aloud once a day 
for a month, and you will be conscious 
of a distinct improvement in your own 
command of persuasive speech. 

W. J. Fox 

The following is a specimen of mas- 
terly oratorical style, from a sermon 
preached in London, England, by W. J. 
Fox: 

‘ 4 From the dawn of intellect and free- 
dom Greece has been a watchword on 
the earth. There rose the social spirit 
to soften and refine her chosen race, and 
shelter as in a nest her gentleness from 
the rushing storm of barbarism; there 
liberty first built her mountain throne, 
first called the waves her own, and 
shouted across them a proud defiance to 
despotism’s banded myriads, there the 
arts and graces danced around human- 
71 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


ity, and stored man’s home with com- 
forts, and strewed his path with roses, 
and bound his brows with myrtle, and 
fashioned for him the breathing statue, 
and summoned him to temples of snowy 
marble, and charmed his senses with all 
forms of eloquence, and threw over his 
final sleep their veil of loveliness ; there 
sprung poetry, like their own fabled 
goddess, mature at once from the teem- 
ing intellect, gilt with arts and armour 
that defy the assaults of time and subdue 
the heart of man; there matchless orators 
gave the world a model of perfect elo- 
quence, the soul the instrument on which 
they played, and every passion of our 
nature but a tone which the master’s 
touch called forth at will; there lived 
and taught the philosophers of bower 
and porch, of pride and pleasure, of 
deep speculation, and of useful action, 
who developed all the acuteness and re- 


STUDY OF MODEL SPEECHES 


finement, and excursiveness, and energy 
of mind, and were the glory of their 
country when their country was the 
glory of the earth.” 


William McKinley 

An eloquent speech, worthy of close 
study, is that of William McKinley on 
“The Characteristics of Washington.” 
As you read it aloud, note the short, 
clear-cut sentences used in the introduc- 
tion. Observe how the long sentence at 
the third paragraph gives the needed 
variation. Carefully study the compact 
English style, and the use of forceful 
expressions of the speaker, as “He 
blazed the path to liberty.” 

“Fellow Citizens : — There is a peculiar 
and tender sentiment connected with 
this memorial. It expresses not only the 
gratitude and reverence of the living, 
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METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

but is a testimonial of affection and 
homage from the dead. 

4 4 The comrades of Washington pro- 
jected this monument. Their love in- 
spired it. Their contributions helped to 
build it. Past and present share in its 
completion, and future generations will 
profit by its lessons. To participate in 
the dedication of such a monument is a 
rare and precious privilege. Every 
monument to Washington is a tribute to 
patriotism. Every shaft and statue to 
his memory helps to inculcate love of 
country, encourage loyalty, and estab- 
lish a better citizenship. God bless 
every undertaking which revives patriot- 
ism and rebukes the indifferent and law- 
less! A critical study of Washington’s 
career only enhances our estimation of 
his vast and varied abilities. 

44 As Commander-in-chief of the Colon- 
ial armies from the beginning of the war 
74 


STUDY OF MODEL SPEECHES 


to the proclamation of peace, as presi- 
dent of the convention which framed the 
Constitution of the United States, and 
as the first President of the United 
States under that Constitution, Wash- 
ington has a distinction differing from 
that of all other illustrious Americans. 
No other name bears or can bear such 
a relation to the Government. Not only 
by his military genius — his patience, his 
sagacity, his courage, and his skill — was 
our national independence won, but he 
helped in largest measure to draft the 
chart by which the Nation was guided; 
and he was the first chosen of the people 
to put in motion the new Government. 
His was not the boldness of martial dis- 
play or the charm of captivating oratory, 
but his calm and steady judgment won 
men’s support and commanded their 
confidence by appealing to their best and 
noblest aspirations. And withal Wash- 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


ington was ever so modest that at no 
time in his career did his personality 
seem in the least intrusive. He was 
above the temptation of power. He 
spurned the suggested crown. He would 
have no honor which the people did not 
bestow. 

“An interesting fact — and one which 
I love to recall — is that the only time 
Washington formally addrest the Con- 
stitutional Convention during all its ses- 
sions over which he presided in this city, 
he appealed for a larger representation 
of the people in the National House of 
Representatives, and his appeal was in- 
stantly heeded. Thus was he ever keenly 
watchful of the rights of the people in 
whose hands was the destiny of our Gov- 
ernment then as now. 

“Masterful as were his military cam- 
paigns, his civil administration com- 
mands equal admiration. His foresight 
76 


STUDY OF MODEL SPEECHES 

was marvelous; his conception of the 
philosophy of government, his insistence 
upon the necessity of education, moral- 
ity, and enlightened citizenship to the 
progress and permanence of the Repub- 
lic can not be contemplated even at this 
period without filling us with astonish- 
ment at the breadth of his comprehen- 
sion and the sweep of his vision. His 
was no narrow view of government. The 
immediate present was not the sole con- 
cern, but our future good his constant 
theme of study. He blazed the path of 
liberty. He laid the foundation upon 
which we have grown from weak and 
scattered Colonial governments to a 
united Republic whose domains and 
power as well as whose liberty and free- 
dom have become the admiration of the 
world. Distance and time have not de- 
tracted from the fame and force of his 
achievements or diminished the grand- 
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METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


eur of his life and work. Great deeds 
do not stop in their growth, and those 
of Washington will expand in influence 
in all the centuries to follow. 

4 4 The bequest Washington has made 
to civilization is rich beyond computa- 
tion. The obligations under which he has 
placed mankind are sacred and com- 
manding. The responsibility he has left, 
for the American people to preserve and 
perfect what he accomplished, is exact- 
ing and solemn. Let us rejoice in every 
new evidence that the people realize 
what they enjoy, and cherish with affec- 
tion the illustrious heroes of Revolution- 
ary story whose valor and sacrifices 
made us a nation. They live in us, and 
their memory will help us keep the cov- 
enant entered into for the maintenance 
of the freest Government of earth. 

4 4 The nation and the name Washing- 
ton are inseparable. One is linked in- 

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STUDY OF MODEL, SPEECHES 


dissolubly with the other. Both are 
glorious, both triumphant. Washington 
lives and will live because of what he did 
for the exaltation of man, the en- 
thronement of conscience, and the es- 
tablishment of a Government which rec- 
ognizes all the governed. And so, too, 
will the Nation live victorious over all 
obstacles, adhering to the immortal prin- 
ciples which Washington taught and 
Lincoln sustained.” 


Edward Everett 

The following extract from “The 
Foundation of National Character,’ ’ by 
Edward Everett, is a fine example of 
patriotic appeal. Read it aloud, and 
note how the orator speaks with deep 
feeling and stirs the same feeling in 
you. This impression is largely due to 
the simple, sincere, right-onward style 
79 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


of the speaker,— qualities of his own 
well-known character. 

It will amply repay you to read this 
extract aloud at least once a day for a 
week or more, so that its superior ele- 
ments of thought and style may be 
deeply imprest on your mind. 

“How is the spirit of a free people to 
be formed, and animated, and cheered, 
but out of the storehouse of its historic 
recollections? Are we to be eternally 
ringing the changes upon Marathon and 
Thermopylae; and going back to read 
in obscure texts of Greek and Latin, of 
the exemplars of patriotic virtue? 

“I thank God that we can find them 
nearer home, in our own soil ; that 
strains of the noblest sentiment that ever 
swelled in the breast of man, are breath- 
ing to us out of every page of our coun- 
try^ history, in the native eloquence of 
our mother-tongue, — that the colonial 
80 


STUDY OF MODEL SPEECHES 


and provincial councils of America ex- 
hibit to us models of the spirits and 
character which gave Greece and Rome 
their name and their praise among na- 
tions. 

‘ 4 Here we ought to go for our instruc- 
tion ; — the lesson is plain, it is clear, it is 
applicable. When we go to ancient his- 
tory, we are bewildered with the differ- 
ence of manners and institutions. We 
are willing to pay our tribute of applause 
to the memory of Leonidas, who fell 
nobly for his country in the face of his 
foe. 

“But when we trace him to his home, 
we are confounded at the reflection, that 
the same Spartan heroism, to which he 
sacrificed himself at Thermopylae, would 
have led him to tear his own child, if it 
had happened to be a sickly babe, — the 
very object for which all that is kind and 
good in man rises up to plead, — from the 
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METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

bosom of his mother, and carry it out to 
be eaten by the wolves of Taygetus. 

“We feel a glow of admiration at the 
heroism displayed at Marathon by the 
ten thousand champions of invaded 
Greece ; but we can not forget that the 
tenth part of the number were slaves, 
unchained from the workshops and door- 
posts of their masters, to go and fight 
the battles of freedom. 

“I do not mean that these examples 
are to destroy the interest with which 
we read the history of ancient times; 
they possibly increase that interest by 
the very contrast they exhibit. But they 
warn us, if we need the warning, to seek 
our great practigal lessons of patriotism 
at home; out of the exploits and sacri- 
fices of which our own country is the 
theater ; out of the characters of our own 
fathers. 

“Them we know, — the high-souled, 
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STUDY OF MODEL SPEECHES 


natural, unaffected, the citizen heroes. 
We know what happy firesides they left 
for the cheerless camp. We know with 
what pacific habits they dared the perils 
of the field. There is no mystery, no 
romance, no madness, under the name 
of chivalry about them. It is all reso- 
lute, manly resistance for conscience and 
liberty’s sake not merely of an over- 
whelming power, but of all the force of 
long-rooted habits- and native love of 
order and peace. 

“ Above all, their blood calls to us 
from the soil which we tread; it beats 
in our veins; it cries to us not merely 
in the thrilling words of one of the first 
victims in this cause — ‘My sons, scorn 
to be slaves!’ — but it cries with a still 
more moving eloquence — ‘My sons, for- 
get not your fathers !’ ” 


83 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


John Quincy Adams 
John Quincy Adams, in his speech on 
“The Life and Character of Lafayette,” 
gives us a fine example of elevated and 
serious-minded utterance. The follow- 
ing extract from this speech can be 
studied with profit. Particularly note 
the use of sustained sentences, and the 
happy collocation of words. The con- 
cluding paragraph should be closely ex- 
amined as a study in impressive climax. 

“Pronounce him one of the first men 
of his age, and you have yet not done 
him justice. Try him by that test to 
which he sought in vain to stimulate the 
vulgar and selfish spirit of Napoleon; 
class him among the men who, to com- 
pare and seat themselves, must take in 
the compass of all ages ; turn back your 
eyes upon the records of time ; summon, 
from the creation of the world to this 
day ? the mighty dead of every age and 
84 


STUDY OF MODEL SPEECHES 

every clime, — and where, among the 
race of merely mortal men, shall one be 
found who, as the benefactor of his kind, 
shall claim to take precedence of La- 
fayette? 

‘ ‘There have doubtless been in all ages 
men whose discoveries or inventions in 
the world of matter, or of mind, have 
opened new avenues to the dominion of 
man over the material creation; have 
increased his means or his faculties of 
enjoyment; have raised him in nearer 
approximation to that higher and hap- 
pier condition, the object of his hopes 
and aspirations in his present state of 
existence. 

“ Lafayette discovered no new prin- 
ciple of politics or of morals. He in- 
vented nothing in science. He disclosed 
no new phenomenon in the laws of na- 
ture. Born and educated in the highest 
order of feudal nobility, under the most 
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METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


absolute monarchy of Europe; in pos- 
session of an affluent fortune, and master 
of himself and of all his capabilities, at 
the moment of attaining manhood the 
principle of republican justice and of 
social equality took possession of his 
heart and mind, as if by inspiration from 
above. 

“He devoted himself, his life, his for- 
tune, his hereditary honors, his towering 
ambition, his splendid hopes, all to the 
cause of Liberty. He came to another 
hemisphere to defend her. He became 
one of the most effective champions 
of our independence; but, that once 
achieved, he returned to his own country, 
and thenceforward took no part in the 
controversies which have divided us. 

“In the events of our Bevolution, and 
in the forms of policy which we have 
adopted for the establishment and per- 
petuation of our freedom, Lafayette 
86 


STUDY OF MODEL SPEECHES 

found the most perfect form of govern- 
ment. He wished to add nothing to it. 
He would gladly have abstracted noth- 
ing from it. Instead of the imaginary 
Republic of Plato, or the Utopia of Sir 
Thomas More, he took a practical exist- 
ing model in actual operation here, and 
never attempted or wished more than 
to apply it faithfully to his own country. 

“It was not given to Moses to enter 
the promised land; but he saw it from 
the summit of Pisgah. It was not given 
to Lafayette to witness the consumma- 
tion of his wishes in the establishment 
of a Republic and the extinction of all 
hereditary rule in France. His princi- 
ples were in advance of the age and 
hemisphere in which he lived. . . The 

prejudices and passions of the people of 
France rejected the principle of in- 
herited power in every station of public 
trust, excepting the first and highest of 
87 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


them all; but there they clung to it, as 
did the Israelites of old to the savory 
deities of Egypt. 

“When the principle of hereditary do- 
minion shall be extinguished in all the 
institutions of France; when govern- 
ment shall no longer be considered as 
property transmissible from sire to son, 
but as a trust committed for a limited 
time, and then to return to the people 
whence it came ; as a burdensome duty to 
be discharged, and not as a reward to 
be abused; — then will be the time for 
contemplating the character of Lafay- 
ette, not merely in the events of his 
life, but in the full development of his 
intellectual conceptions, of his fervent 
aspirations, of the labors, and perils, 
and sacrifices of his long and eventful 
career upon earth; and thenceforward 
till the hour when the trumpet of the 
'Archangel shall sound to announce that 
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STUDY OF MODEL SPEECHES 

time shall be no more, the name of La- 
fayette shall stand enrolled upon the 
annals of our race high on the list of 
pure and disinterested benefactors of 
mankind.” 

I have selected these extracts for 
your convenient use, as embodying both 
thought and style worthy of your care- 
ful study. Read them aloud at every 
opportunity, and you will be gratified at 
the steady improvement such practise 
will make in your own speaking power. 


89 









HISTORY OF PUBLIC 
SPEAKING 



4 


MEN WHO HAVE MADE HIS- 
TORY IN PUBLIC SPEAKING 
—AND THEIR METHODS 


The great orators of the world did not 
regard eloquence as simply an endow- 
ment of nature, hut applied themselves 
diligently to cultivating their powers of 
expression. In many cases there was 
unusual natural ability, but such men 
knew that regular study and practise 
were essential to success in this coveted 
art. 

The oration can be traced back to 
Hebrew literature. In the first chapter 
of Deuteronomy we find Moses’ speech 
in the end of the fortieth year, briefly 
rehearsing the story of God’s promise, 
and of God’s anger for their incredulity 
and disobedience. 


93 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

The four orations in Deuteronomy, by 
Moses, are highly commended for their 
tenderness, sublimity and passionate 
appeal. You can advantageously read 
them aloud. 

The oration of Pericles over the 
graves of those who fell in the Pelopon- 
nesian War, is said to have been the 
first Athenian oration designed for the 
public. 

The agitated political times and the 
people’s intense desire for learning com- 
bined to favor the development of ora- 
tory in ancient Greece. Questions of 
great moment had to be discust and 
serious problems solved. As the orator 
gradually became the most powerful in- 
fluence in the State, the art of oratory 
was more and more recognized as the 
supreme accomplishment of the educated 
man. 


94 


HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


Demosthenes 

Demosthenes stands preeminent among 
Greek orators. His well-known oration 
“On the Crown,’ * the preparation of 
which occupied a large part of seven 
years, is regarded as the oratorical mas- 
terpiece- of all history. 

It is encouraging to the student of 
public speaking to recall that this dis- 
tinguished orator at first had serious 
natural defects to overcome. His voice 
was weak, he stammered in his speech, 
and was painfully diffident. These faults 
were remedied, as is well-known, by 
earnest daily practise in declaiming on 
the sea-shore, with pebbles in the mouth, 
walking up and down hill while reciting, 
and deliberately seeking occasions for 
conversing with groups of people. 

The chief lesson for you to draw from 
Demosthenes is that he was indefatigable 
in his study of the art of oratory. He 
95 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


left nothing to chance. His speeches 
were characterized by deliberate fore- 
thought. He excelled other men not 
because of great natural ability but 
because of intelligent and continuous 
industry. He stands for all time as the 
most inspiring example of oratorical 
achievement, despite almost insuperable 
difficulties. 

Cicero 

The fame of Roman oratory rests 
upon Cicero, whose eloquence was sec- 
ond only to that of Demosthenes. He 
was a close student of the art of speak- 
ing. He was so intense and vehement by 
nature that he was obliged in his early 
career to spend two years in Greece, 
exercising in the gymnasium in order to 
restore his shattered constitution. 

His nervous temperament clung to 
him, however, since he made this signi- 
ficant confession after long years of 
96 


HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


practise in public speaking. “I declare 
that when I think of the moment when 
I shall have to rise and speak in defense 
of a client, I am not only disturbed in 
mind, but tremble in every limb of my 
body. ’ ’ 

It is well to note here that a nervous 
temperament may be a help rather than 
a hindrance to a speaker. Indeed, it is 
the highly sensitive nature that often 
produces the most persuasive orator, but 
only when he has learned to conserve 
and properly use this valuable power. 

Cicero was a living embodiment of the 
comprehensive requirements laid down 
by the ancients as essential to the orator. 
He had a knowledge of logic, ethics, as- 
tronomy, philosophy, geometry, music, 
and rhetoric. Little wonder, therefore, 
that his amazing eloquence was de- 
scribed as a resistless torrent. 


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METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 
Luther 

Martin Luther was the dominating 
orator of the Reformation. He combined 
a strong physique with great intellectual 
power. 4 4 If I wish to compose, or write, 
or pray, or preach well,” said he, “I 
must be angry. Then all the blood in 
my veins is stirred, my understanding is 
sharpened, and all dismal thoughts and 
temptations are dissipated.* * What the 
great Reformer called ‘ 4 anger/ * we 
would call indignation or earnestness. 


John Knox 

John Knox, the Scotch reformer, was 
a preeminent preacher. His pulpit style 
was characterized by a fiery eloquence 
which stirred his hearers to great en- 
thusiasm and sometimes to violence. 


98 


HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

Bossuet 

Bossuet, regarded as the greatest ora- 
tor France has produced, was a fearless 
and inspired speaker. His style was dig- 
nified and deliberate, but as he warmed 
with his theme his thought took fire and 
he carried his hearers along upon a 
swiftly moving tide of impassioned elo- 
quence. When he spoke from the text, 
“Be wise, therefore, 0 ye Kings! be in- 
structed, ye judges of the earth !” the 
King himself was thrilled as with a re- 
ligious terror. 

To ripe scholarship Bossuet added a 
voice that was deep and sonorous, an 
imposing personality, and an animated 
style of gesture. Lamartine described 
his voice as “like that of the thunder in 
the clouds, or the organ in the cathe- 
dral.’ ’ 


99 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


Bourdaloue 

Louis Bourdaloue, styled ‘ 1 the preacher 
of Kings, and the King of preachers,’ ’ 
was a speaker of versatile powers. He 
could adapt his style to any audience, 
and 4 4 mechanics left their shops, mer- 
chants their business, and lawyers their 
court house” in order to hear him. His 
high personal character, simplicity of 
life, and clear and logical utterance com- 
bined to make him an accomplished 
orator. 

Massillon 

Massillon preached directly to the 
hearts of his hearers. He was of a 
deeply affectionate nature, hence his 
style was that of tender persuasiveness 
rather than of declamation. He had 
remarkable spiritual insight and knowl- 
edge of the human heart, and was 
himself deeply moved by the truths 
which he proclaimed to other men. 

100 


HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


Lord Chatham 

Lord Chatham’s oratorical style was 
formed on the classic model. His intel- 
lect, at once comprehensive and vigorous, 
combined with deep and intense feeling, 
fitted him to become one of the highest 
types of orators. He was dignified and 
graceful, sometimes vehement, always 
commanding. He ruled the British par- 
liament by sheer force of eloquence. 

His voice was a wonderful instrument, 
so completely under control that his low- 
est whisper was distinctly heard, and his 
full tones completely filled the House. 
He had supreme self-confidence, and a 
sense of superiority over those around 
him which acted as an inspiration to his 
own mind. 

Burke 

Burke was a great master of English 
prose as well as a great orator. He took 
large means to deal with large subjects. 

101 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


He was a man of immense power, and his 
stride was the stride of a giant. He has 
been credited with passion, intensity, 
imagination, nobility, and amplitude. 
His style was sonorous and majestic. 


Sheridan 

Sheridan became a foremost parlia- 
mentary speaker and debater, despite 
early discouragements. His well-known 
answer to a friend, who adversely criti- 
cized his speaking, “It is in me, and it 
shall come out of me!” has for years 
given new encouragement to many a 
student of public speaking. He applied 
himself with untiring industry to the de- 
velopment of all his powers, and so be- 
came one of the most distinguished 
speakers of his day. 


108 


HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


Charles James Fox 

Charles James Fox was a plain, prac- 
tical, forceful orator of the thoroughly 
English type. His qualities of sincerity, 
vehemence, simplicity, ruggedness, di- 
rectness and dexterity, combined with a 
manly fearlessness, made him a formid- 
able antagonist in any debate. Facts, 
analogies, illustrations, intermingled 
with wit, feeling, and ridicule, gave 
charm and versatility to his speaking 
unsurpassed in his time. 

Lord Brougham 

Lord Brougham excelled in cogent, ef- 
fective argument. His impassioned 
reasoning often made ordinary things 
interesting. He ingratiated himself by 
his wise and generous sentiments, and 
his uncompromising solicitude for his 
country. 

He always succeeded in getting 
103 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


through his protracted and parenthetical 
sentences without confusion to his hear- 
ers or to himself. He could see from 
the beginning of a sentence precisely 
what the end would be. 

John Quincy Adams 
John Quincy Adams won a high place 
as a debater and orator in his speech in 
Congress upon the right of petition, de- 
livered in 1837. A formidable antagon- 
ist, pugnacious by temperament, uni- 
formly dignified, a profound scholar, — 
his is “a name recorded on the brightest 
page of American history, as statesman, 
diplomatist, philosopher, orator, author, 
and, above all a Christian.” 

Patrick Henry 

Patrick Henry was a man of extra- 
ordinary eloquence. In his day he was 
regarded as the greatest orator in 
104 


HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


America. In his early efforts as a 
speaker he hesitated much and through- 
out his career often gave an impression 
of natural timidity. He has been favor- 
ably compared with Lord* Chatham for 
fire, force, and personal energy. His 
power was largely due to a rare gift 
of lucid and concise statement. 


Henry Clay 

The eloquence of Henry Clay was mag- 
isterial, persuasive, and irresistible. So 
great was his personal magnetism that 
multitudes came great distances to hear 
him. He was a man of brilliant intellect, 
fertile fancy, chivalrous nature, and pa- 
triotic fervor. He had a clear, rotund, 
melodious voice, under complete com- 
mand. He held, it is said, the keys to 
the hearts of his countrymen. 


105 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


Camoun 

The eloquence of John Caldwell Cal- 
houn has been described by Daniel Web- 
ster as 4 4 plain, strong, terse, condensed, 
concise ; sometimes impassioned, still 
always severe. Rejecting ornament, not 
often seeking far for illustrations, his 
power consisted in the plainness of his 
propositions, in the closeness of his 
logic, and in the earnestness and energy 
of his manner.’ ’ 

He exerted unusual influence over the 
opinions of great masses of men. He 
had remarkable power of analysis and 
logical skill. Originality, self-reliance, 
impatience, aggressiveness, persistence, 
sincerity, honesty, ardor, — these were 
some of the personal qualities which 
gave him dominating influence over his 
generation. 

Daniel Webster 

Daniel Webster was a massive orator. 

106 


HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

He combined logical and argumentative 
skill with a personality of extraordinary 
power and attractiveness. He had a su- 
preme scorn for tricks of oratory, and 
a horror of epithets and personalities. 
His best known speeches are those de- 
livered on the anniversary at Plymouth, 
the laying of the corner-stone of Bunker 
Hill monument, and the deaths of Jeffer- 
son and Adams. 

Edward Everett 

Edward Everett was a man of scholas- 
tic tastes and habits. His speaking style 
was remarkable for its literary finish and 
polished precision. His sense of fitness 
saved him from serious faults of speech 
or manner. He blended many graces in 
one, and his speeches are worthy of 
study as models of oratorical style. 


107 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


Rufus Choate 

Rufus Choate was a brilliant and per- 
suasive extempore speaker. He pos- 
sest in high degree faculties essential 
to great oratory — a capacious mind, re- 
tentive memory, logical acumen, vivid 
imagination, deep concentration, and 
wealth of language. He had an extra- 
ordinary personal fascination, largely 
due to his broad sympathy and geniality. 


Charles Sumner 

Charles Sumner was a gifted orator. 
His delivery was highly impressive, due 
fundamentally to his innate integrity 
and elevated personal character. He was 
a wide reader and profound student. His 
style was energetic, logical, and versa- 
tile. His intense patriotism and argu- 
mentative power, won large favor with 
his hearers. 


108 


HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


William E. Charming 

William Ellery Channing was a 
preacher of unusual eloquence and 
intellectual power. He was small in 
stature, but of surpassing grace. His 
voice was soft and musical, and wonder- 
fully responsive to every change of emo- 
tion that arose in his mind. His elo- 
quence was not forceful nor forensic, but 
gentle and persuasive. 

His monument bears this high tribute : 
“In memory of William Ellery Chan- 
ning, honored throughout Christendom 
for his eloquence and courage in main- 
taining and advancing the great cause 
of truth, religion, and human freedom.’ ’ 

Wendell Phillips 

Wendell Phillips was one of the most 
graceful and polished orators. To his 
conversational style he added an excep- 
tional vocabulary, a clear and flexible 
109 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


voice, and a most fascinating person- 
ality. 

He produced his greatest effects by 
the simplest means. He combined hu- 
mor, pathos, sarcasm and invective with 
rare skill, yet his style was so simple that 
a child could have understood him. 

George William Curtis 

George William Curtis has been de- 
scribed in his private capacity as na- 
tural, gentle, manly, refined, simple, and 
unpretending. He was the last of the 
great school of Everett, Sumner, and 
Phillips. 

His art of speaking had an enduring 
charm, and he completely satisfied the 
taste for pure and dignified speech. His 
voice was of silvery clearness, which car- 
ried to the furthermost part of the 
largest hall. 


110 


HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


Gladstone 

Gladstone was an orator of preem- 
inent power. In fertility of thought, 
spontaneity of expression, modulation 
of voice, and grace of gesture, he has had 
few equals. He always spoke from a 
deep sense of duty. When he began a 
sentence you could not always foresee 
how he would end it, but he always suc- 
ceeded. He had an extraordinary wealth 
of words and command of the English 
language. 

Gladstone has been described as hav- 
ing eagerness, self-control, mastery of 
words, gentle persuasiveness, prodigious 
activity, capacity for work, extreme seri- 
ousness, range of experience, construct- 
ive power, mastery of detail, and deep 
concentration. ‘ 6 So vast and so well or- 
dered was the arsenal of his mind, that 
he could both instruct and persuade, 
stimulate his friends and demolish his 
ill 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


opponents, and do all these things at an 
hour’s notice.” 

He was essentially a devout man, and 
unquestionably his spiritual character 
was the fundamental secret of his trans- 
cendent power. A keen observer thus 
describes him: 

“While this great and famous figure 
was in the House of Commons, the House 
had eyes for no other person. His move- 
ments on the bench, restless and eager, 
his demeanor when on his legs, whether 
engaged in answering a simple question, 
expounding an intricate Bill, or thun- 
dering in vehement declamation, his dra- 
matic gestures, his deep and rolling voice 
with its wide compass and marked north- 
ern accent, his flashing eye, his almost 
incredible command of ideas and words, 
made a combination of irresistible fas- 
cination and power.” 


112 


HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

John Bright 

John Bright won a foremost place 
among British orators largely because 
of his power of clear statement and 
vivid description. His manner was at 
once ingratiating and commanding. 

His way of putting things was so lucid 
and convincing that it was difficult to ex- 
press the same ideas in any other words 
with equal force. One of the secrets of 
his success, it is said, was his command 
of colloquial simile, apposite stories, and 
ready wit. 

Mr. Bright always had himself well in 
hand, yet his style at times was volcanic 
in its force and impetuosity. He would 
shut himself up for days preparatory to 
delivering a great speech, and tho he 
committed many passages to memory, 
his manner in speaking was entirely free 
from artifice. 


118 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


Lincoln 

Lincoln’s power as a speaker was due 
to a combination of rugged gifts. Self- 
reliance, sympathy, honesty, penetra- 
tion, broad-mindedness, modesty, and 
independence, — these were keynotes to 
his great character. 

The Gettysburg speech of less than 
300 words is regarded as the greatest 
short speech in history. 

Lincoln’s aim was always to say the 
most sensible thing in the clearest 
terms, and in the fewest possible words. 
His supreme respect for his hearers won 
their like respect for him. 

There is a valuable suggestion for the 
student of public speaking in this de- 
scription of Lincoln’s boyhood: “Abe 
read diligently. He read every book he 
could lay his hands on, and when he came 
across a passage that struck him, he 
would write it down on boards if he had 
114 < 


HISTORY OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

no paper, and keep it there until he did 
get paper. Then he would rewrite it, 
look at it, repeat it. He had a copy book, 
a kind of scrap-book, in which he put 
down all things, and thus preserved 
them.” 

Daniel O’Connell 

Daniel O’Connell was one of the most 
popular orators of his day. He had 
a deep, sonorous, flexible voice, which 
he used to great advantage. He had a 
wonderful gift of touching the human 
heart, now melting his hearers by his 
pathos, then convulsing them with his 
quaint humor. He was attractive in 
manner, generous in feeling, spontan- 
eous in expression, and free from rhe- 
torical trickery. 

As you read this brief sketch of some 
of the world’s great orators, it should be 
inspiring to you as a student of public 

115 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


speaking to know something of their 
trials, difficulties, methods and triumphs. 
They have left great examples to be 
emulated, and to read about them and 
to study their methods is to follow some- 
what in their footsteps. 

Great speeches, like great pictures, 
are inspired by great subjects and great 
occasions. When a speaker is moved 
to vindicate the national honor, to speak 
in defense of human rights, or in some 
other great cause, his thought and ex- 
pression assume new and wonderful 
power. All the resources of his mind — 
will, imagination, memory, and emotion, 
— are stimulated into unusual activity. 
His theme takes complete possession of 
him and he carries conviction to his 
hearers by the force, sincerity, and 
earnestness of his delivery. It is to this 
exalted type of oratory I would have 
you aspire. 


116 


EXTRACTS FOR STUDY, WITH 
LESSON TALK 


117 




















EXAMPLES OF ORATORY AND 
HOW TO STUDY THEM 


It will be beneficial to you in this con- 
nection to study examples of speeches 
by the world’s great orators. I furnish 
you here with a few short specimens 
which will serve this purpose. Carefully 
note the suggestions and the numbered 
extract to which they refer. 

1. Practise this example for climax. 
As you read it aloud, gradually increase 
the intensity of your voice but do not 
unduly elevate the key. 

2. Study this particularly for its sug- 
gestive value to you as a public speaker. 

3. Practise this for fervent appeal. 
Articulate distinctly. Pause after each 
question. Do not rant or declaim, but 
speak it. 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

4. Study this for its sustained sen- 
tences and dignity of style. 

5. Analyze this for its strength of 
thought and diction. Note the effective 
repetition of “I care not.” Commit the 
passage to memory. 

6. Read this for elevated and patriotic 
feeling. Render it aloud in deliberate 
and thoughtful style. 

7. Particularly observe the judicial 
clearness of this example. Note the fe- 
licitous use of language. 

8. Read this aloud for oratorical style. 
Fit the words to your lips. Engrave the 
passage on your mind by frequent repe- 
tition. 

9. Study this passage for its profound 
and prophetic thought. Render it aloud 
in slow and dignified style. 

10. Practise this for its sustained 
power. The words “let him” should be 
intensified at each repetition, and the 

120 


EXTRACTS FOR STUDY 

phrase “and show me the man” brought 
out prominently. 

11. Study this for its beauty and va- 
riety of language. Meditate upon it as 
a model of what a speaker should be. 

12. Note the strength in the repeated 
phrase “I will never say.” Observe the 
power, nobility and courage manifest 
throughout. The closing sentence should 
be read in a deeply earnest tone and at 
a gradually slower rate. 

13. Read this for its purity and 
strength of style. Note the effective use 
of question and answer. 

14. Study this passage for its common 
sense and exalted thought. Note how 
each sentence is rounded out into ful- 
ness, until it is imprest upon your 
memory. 


121 


METHODS OF PUBLIO SPEAKING 
Extracts for Study 

SPECIMENS OF ELOQUENCE 

A Study in Climax 

1. My lords, these are the securities 
which we have in all the constituent 
parts of the body of this House. We 
know them, we reckon them, rest upon 
them, and commit safely the interests of 
India and of humanity into your hands. 
Therefore it is with confidence that, or- 
dered by the Commons, 

I impeach him in the name of all the 
Commons of Great Britain in Parlia- 
ment assembled, whose parliamentary 
trust he has betrayed. 

I impeach him in the name of the Com- 
mons of Great Britain, whose national 
character he has dishonored. 

I impeach him in the name of the 
people of India, whose laws, rights, and 
liberties he has subverted, whose prop- 
132 


EXTRACTS FOR STUDY 

erties lie has destroyed, whose country 
he has laid waste and desolate. 

I impeach him in the name and by 
virtue of those eternal laws of justice 
which he has violated. 

I impeach him in the name of human 
nature itself, which he has cruelly out- 
raged, injured, and opprest in both 
sexes, in every age, rank, situation, and 
condition of life . — Impeachment of War- 
ren Hastings: Edmund Burke. 

Suggestions to the Public Speaker 

2. I am now requiring not merely 
great preparation while the speaker is 
learning his art but after he has accom- 
plished his education. The most splen- 
did effort of the most mature orator 
will be always finer for being previously 
elaborated with much care. There is, 
no doubt, a charm in extemporaneous 
elocution, derived from the appearance 
123 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


of artless, unpremeditated effusion, 
called forth by the occasion, and so 
adapting itself to its exigencies, which 
may compensate the manifold defects 
incident to this kind of composition: 
that which is inspired by the unforeseen 
circumstances of the moment, will he 
of necessity suited to those circum- 
stances in the choice of the topics, and 
pitched in the tone of the execution, to 
the feelings upon which it is to operate. 
These are great virtues : it is another to 
avoid the besetting vice of modern ora- 
tory — the overdoing everything — the ex- 
haustive method — which an off-hand 
speaker has no time to fall into, and he 
accordingly will take only the grand and 
effective view; nevertheless, in oratori- 
cal merit, such effusions must needs be 
very inferior ; much of the pleasure they 
produce depends upon the hearer’s sur- 
prize that in such circumstances any- 
124 


EXTRACTS FOR STUDY 

thing can be delivered at all, rather than 
npon his deliberate judgment, that he 
has heard anything very excellent in 
itself. We may rest assured that the 
highest reaches of the art, and without 
any necessary sacrifice of natural effect, 
can only be attained by him who well 
considers, and maturely prepares, and 
oftentimes sedulously corrects and re- 
fines his oration. Such preparation is 
quite consistent with the introduction of 
passages prompted by the occasion, nor 
will the transition from one to the other 
be perceptible in the execution of the 
practised master . — Inaugural Discourse: 
Lord Brougham. 

A Study in Fervent Appeal 

3. It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the 
matter. Gentlemen may cry, peace, 
peace — but there is no peace. The war 
is actually begun! The next gale that 
125 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

sweeps from the north will bring to our 
ears the clash of resounding arms ! Our 
brethren are already in the field ! Why 
stand we here idle? What is it that 
gentlemen wish? What would they 
have? Is life so dear or peace so sweet, 
as to be purchased at the price of chains 
and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! 
I know not what course others may take, 
but as for me, give me liberty, or give 
me death! — The War Inevitable: Pat- 
rick Henry. 

A Study in Dignity and Style 

4. In retiring as I am about to do, 
forever, from the Senate, suffer me to 
express my heartfelt wishes that all the 
great and patriotic objects of the wise 
framers of our Constitution may be ful- 
filled; that the high destiny designed for 
it may be fully answered; and that its 
deliberations, now and hereafter, may 
126 


EXTRACTS FOR STUDY 

eventuate in securing the prosperity of 
our beloved country, in maintaining its 
rights and honor abroad, and upholding 
its interests at home. I retire, I know, 
at a period of infinite distress and em- 
barrassment. I wish I could take my 
leave of you under more favorable au- 
spices ; but without meaning at this time 
to say whether on any or on whom re- 
proaches for the sad condition of the 
country should fall, I appeal to the Sen- 
ate and to the world to bear testimony 
to my earnest and continued exertions 
to avert it, and to the truth that no blame 
can justly attach to me . — Farewell Ad- 
dress: Henry Clay. 

A Study in Strength and Diction 

5. For myself, I believe there is no 
limit fit to be assigned to it by the human 
mind, because I find at work everywhere, 
on both sides of the Atlantic, under va- 
127 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


rious forms and degrees of restriction on 
the one hand, and under various degrees 
of motive and stimulus on the other, in 
these branches of the common race, the 
great principle of the freedom of human 
thought, and the respectability of in- 
dividual character. I find everywhere 
an elevation of the character of man as 
man, an elevation of the individual as 
a component part of society. I find 
everywhere a rebuke of the idea that the 
many are made for the few, or that gov- 
ernment is anything but an agency for 
mankind. And I care not beneath what 
zone, frozen, temperate, or torrid ; I care 
not of what complexion, white, or brown ; 
I care not under what circumstances of 
climate or cultivation — if I can find a 
race of men on an inhabited spot of 
earth whose general sentiment it is, and 
whose general feeling it is, that govern- 
ment is made for man — man, as a relig- 
128 


EXTRACTS FOR STUDY 

ious, moral, and social being — and not 
man for government, there I know that 
I shall find prosperity and happiness. — 
The Landing at Plymouth: Daniel 
Webster. 

A Study in Patriotic Feeling 

6. Friends, fellow citizens, free, pros- 
perous, happy Americans ! The men who 
did so much to make you are no more. 
The men who gave nothing to pleasure 
in youth, nothing to repose in age, but 
all to that country whose beloved name 
filled their hearts, as it does ours, with 
joy, can now do no more for us ; nor we 
for them. But their memory remains, we 
will cherish it; their bright example re- 
mains, we will strive to imitate it; the 
fruit of their wise counsels and noble 
acts remains, we will gratefully enjoy it. 

They have gone to the companions of 
their cares, of their dangers, and their 
129 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

toils. It is well with them. The treas- 
ures of America are now in heaven. How 
long the list of our good, and wise, and 
brave, assembled there! How few re- 
main with ns! There is our Washing- 
ton ; and those who followed him in their 
country’s confidence are now met to- 
gether with him and all that illustrious 
company . — Adams and Jefferson: Ed- 
ward Everett. 

A Study in Clearness of Expression 

7. I can not leave this life and charac- 
ter without selecting and dwelling a 
moment on one or two of his traits, or 
virtues, or felicities, a little longer. 
There is a collective impression made 
by the whole of an eminent person’s life, 
beyond, and other than, and apart from, 
that which the mere general biographer 
would afford the means of explaining. 
There is an influence of a great man de- 
130 


EXTRACTS FOR STUDY 

rived from things indescribable, almost, 
or incapable of enumeration, or singly 
insufficient to account for it, but through 
which his spirit transpires, and his in- 
dividuality goes forth on the contempor- 
ary generation. And thus, I should say, 
one grand tendency of his life and char- 
acter was to elevate the whole tone of 
the public mind. He did this, indeed, not 
merely by example. He did it by deal- 
ing, as he thought, truly and in manly 
fashion with that public mind. He 
evinced his love of the people not so 
much by honeyed phrases as by good 
counsels and useful service, vera pro 
gratis. He showed how he appreciated 
them by submitting sound arguments to 
their understandings, and right motives 
to their free will. He came before them, 
less with flattery than with instruction ; 
less with a vocabulary larded with the 
words humanity and philanthropy, and 
131 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


progress and brotherhood, than with a 
scheme of politics, an educational, social 
and governmental system, which would 
have made them prosperous, happy and 
great . — On the Death of Daniel Webster: 
Rufus Choate. 

A Study of Oratorical Style 

8. And yet this small people — so ob- 
scure and outcast in condition — so 
slender in numbers and in means — so 
entirely unknown to the proud and great 
— so absolutely without name in contem- 
porary records — whose departure from 
the Old World took little more than the 
breath of their bodies — are now illus- 
trious beyond the lot of men; and the 
Mayflower is immortal beyond the Gre- 
cian Argo or the stately ship of any 
victorious admiral. Tho this was little 
foreseen in their day, it is plain now 
how it has come to pass, The highest 
132 


EXTRACTS FOR STUDY 

greatness surviving time and storm is 
that which proceeds from the soul of 
man. Monarchs and cabinets, generals 
and admirals, with the pomp of courts 
and the circumstance of war, in the 
gradual lapse of time disappear from 
sight ; but the pioneers of truth, the poor 
and lowly, especially those whose exam- 
ple elevates human nature and teaches 
the rights of man, so that government 
of the people, by the people, and for the 
people shall not perish from the earth, 
such harbingers can never be forgotten, 
and their renown spreads coextensive 
with the cause they served . — The Quali- 
ties that Win: Charles Sumner. 

( A Study in Profound Thinking 

9. There is something greater in the 
age than its greatest men; it is the ap- 
pearance of a new power in the world, 
the appearance of the multitude of men 
133 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


on the stage where as yet the few have 
acted their parts alone. This influence 
is to endure to the end of time. What 
more of the present is to survive? Per- 
haps much of which we now fail to note. 
The glory of an age is often hidden from 
itself. Perhaps some word has been 
spoken in our day which we have not 
designed to hear, but which is to grow 
clearer and louder through all ages. 
Perhaps some silent thinker among us 
is at work in his closet whose name is to 
fill the earth. Perhaps there sleeps in 
his cradle some reformer who is to move 
the church and the world, who is to open 
a new era in history, who is to fire the 
human soul with new hope and new dar- 
ing. What else is to survive the age? 
That which the age has little thought of, 
but which is living in us all ; I mean the 
soul, the immortal spirit. Of this all 
ages are the unfoldings, and it is greater 
134 


EXTRACTS FOR STUDY 

than all. We must not feel, in the con- 
templation of the vast movements in our 
own and former times, as if we ourselves 
were nothing. I repeat it, we are greater 
than all. We are to survive our age, to 
comprehend it, and to pronounce its 
sentence . — The Present Age: W. E. 
Chaining. 

A Study of Sustained Power 

10. Now, blue-eyed Saxon, proud of 
your race, go back with me to the com- 
mencement of the century, and select 
what statesman you please. Let him be 
either American or European; let him 
have a brain the result of six generations 
of culture ; let him have the ripest train- 
ing of university routine; let him add 
to it the better education of practical 
life; crown his temples with the silver 
locks of seventy years, and show me the 
man of Saxon lineage for whom his most 
135 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


sanguine admirer will wreathe a laurel, 
rich as embittered foes have placed on 
the brow of this negro, — rare military 
skill, profound knowledge of human na- 
ture, content to blot out all party dis- 
tinctions, and trust a state to the blood 
of its sons, — anticipating Sir Robert 
Peel fifty years, and taking his station 
by the side of Roger Williams, before 
any Englishman or American had won 
the right; and yet this is the record 
which the history of rival states makes 
up for this inspired black of St. Do- 
mingo . — Toussaint L’Ouverture: Wen- 
dell Phillips. 

Study in Beauty of Language 

11. He faced his audience with a tran- 
quil mien and a beaming aspect that was 
never dimmed. He spoke, and in the 
measured cadence of his quiet voice 
there was intense feeling, but no decla- 
136 


EXTRACTS FOR STUDY 

mation, no passionate appeal, no super- 
ficial and feigned emotion. It was simple 
colloquy — a gentleman conversing. Un- 
consciously and surely the ear and heart 
were charmed. How was it done % — Ah ! 
how did Mozart do it, how Raffael? 

The secret of the rose’s sweetness, of 
the bird’s ecstacy, of the sunset’s glory 
— that is the secret of genius and of elo- 
quence. What was heard, what was seen, 
was the form of noble manhood, the 
courteous and self-possest tone, the flow 
of modulated speech, sparkling with 
matchless richness of illustration, with 
apt allusion and happy anecdote and 
historic parallel, with wit and pitiless 
invective, with melodious pathos, with 
stinging satire, with crackling epigram 
and limpid humor, like the bright rip- 
ples that play around the sure and steady 
prow of the resistless ship. Like an 
illuminated vase of odors, he glowed 
137 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


with concentrated and perfumed fire. 
The divine energy of his conviction 
utterly possest him, and his 

“Pure and eloquent blood 
Spoke in his cheek, and so dis- 
tinctly wrought, 

That one might almost say his 
body thought / 9 

Was it Pericles swaying the Athenian 
multitude? Was it Apollo breathing the 
music of the morning from his lips? — 
No, no! It was an American patriot, a 
modern son of liberty, with a soul as firm 
and as true as was ever consecrated to 
unselfish duty, pleading with the Ameri- 
can conscience for the chained and 
speechless victims of American inhu- 
manity . — Eulogy of Wendell Phillips: 
George William Curtis. 


138 


EXTRACTS FOR STUDY 


A Study in Powerful Delivery 
12. I thank you very cordially, both 
friends and opponents, if opponents you 
be, for the extreme kindness with which 
you have heard me. I have spoken, and 
I must speak in very strong terms of the 
acts done by my opponents. I will never 
say that they did it from passion ; I will 
never say that they did it from a sordid 
love of office ; I have no right to use such 
words ; I have no right to entertain such 
sentiments ; I repudiate and abjure 
them; I give them credit for patriotic 
motives — I give them credit for those 
patriotic motives which are incessantly 
and gratuitously denied to us. I believe 
we are all united in a fond attachment 
to the great country to which we belong ; 
to the great empire which has committed 
to it a trust and function from Provi- 
dence, as special and remarkable as was 
ever entrusted to any portion of the 
139 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


family of man. When I speak of that 
trust and that function I feel that words 
fail. I can not tell you what I think of 
the nobleness of the inheritance which 
has descended upon us, of the sacredness 
of the duty of maintaining it. I will not 
condescend to make it a part of contro- 
versial politics. It is a part of my being, 
of my flesh and blood, of my heart and 
soul. For those ends I have labored 
through my youth and manhood, and, 
more than that, till my hairs are gray. 
In that faith and practise I have lived, 
and in that faith and practise I shall die. 
— Midlothian Speech: William Ewaet 
Gladstone. 

A Study in Purity of Style 

13. Is this a reality? or is your Chris- 
tianity a romance? is your profession a 
dream? No, I am sure that your Chris- 
tianity is not a romance, and I am 
140 


EXTRACTS FOR STUDY 


equally sure that your profession is not 
a dream. It is because I believe this that 
I appeal to you with confidence, and that 
I have hope and faith in the future. I 
believe that we shall see, and at no very 
distant time, sound economic principles 
spreading much more widely among the 
people ; a sense of justice growing up in 
a soil which hitherto has been deemed 
unfruitful ; and, which will he better than 
all — the churches of the United King- 
dom — the churches of Britain awaking, 
as it were, from their slumbers, and 
girding up their loins to more glorious 
work, when they shall not only accept 
and believe in the prophecy, but labor 
earnestly for its fulfilment, that there 
shall come a time — a blessed time — a 
time which shall last forever — when 
“nation shall not lift up sword against 
nation, neither shall they learn war any 
more. ,, — Peace: John Bright. 


141 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


A Study in Common Sense and 
Exalted Thought 

14. My countrymen, one and all, think 
calmly and well upon this whole subject. 
Nothing valuable can be lost by taking 
time. If there be an object to hurry 
any of you in hot haste to a step which 
you would never take deliberately, that 
object will be frustrated by taking time ; 
but no good object can be frustrated by 
it. Such of you as are now dissatisfied 
still have the old Constitution unim- 
paired, and on the sensitive point, the 
laws of your own framing under it; 
while the new administration will have 
no immediate power, if it would, to 
change either. If it were admitted that 
you who are dissatisfied hold the right 
side in this dispute there is still no sin- 
gle good reason for precipitate action. 
Intelligence, patriotism, Christianity, 
and a firm reliance on Him who has 
142 


EXTRACTS FOR STUDY 

never yet forsaken this favored land are 
still competent to adjust in the best way 
all our present difficulty. In your hands, 
my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and 
not in mine, are the momentous issues of 
civil war. The government will not as- 
sail you. You can have no conflict with- 
out being yourselves the aggressors. 
You have no oath registered in heaven to 
destroy the government, while I shall 
have the most solemn one to “ preserve, 
protect, and defend” it . — The First In- 
augural Address: Abraham Lincoln. 


143 








HOW TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC 



145 



HOW TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC * 

By Grenville Kleiser 

The art of public speaking is so simple 
that it is difficult. There is an erron- 
eous impression that in order to make 
a successful speech a man must have 
unusual natural talent in addition to long 
and arduous study. 

Consequently, many a person, when 
asked to make a speech, is immediately 
subjected to a feeling of fear or depres- 
sion. Once committed to the under- 
taking, he spends anxious days and 
sleepless nights in mental agony, much 
as a criminal is said to do just prior to 
his execution. When at last he attempts 
his ‘ 4 maiden effort,” he is almost wholly 
unfit for his task because of the needless 

* A talk given before The Public Speaking Club of 
America, 


147 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


waste of thought and energy expended 
in fear. 

Elbert Hubbard once confided to me 
that when he made deliberate prepara- 
tion for an elaborate speech, — which was 
seldom, — it was invariably a disappoint- 
ment. To push a great speech before 
him for an hour or more used up most 
of his vitality. It was like making a 
speech while attempting to carry a heavy 
burden on the back. 

HOW THE SPEAKER MUST PREPARE 
HIMSELF 

There is, of course, certain prepara- 
tion necessary for effective public speak- 
ing. The so-called impromptu speech 
is largely the product of previous knowl- 
edge and study. What the speaker has 
read, what he has seen, what he has 
heard, — in short, what he actually knows, 
furnishes the available material for his 
use. 


148 


HOW TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC 


As the public speaker gains in ex- 
perience, however, he learns to put aside, 
at the time of speaking, all conscious 
thought of rules or methods. He learns 
through discipline how to abandon him- 
self to the subject in hand and to give 
spontaneous expression to all his powers. 

Primarily, then, the public speaker 
should have a well-stored mind. He 
should have mental culture in a broad 
way; sound judgment, a sense of pro- 
portion, mental alertness, a retentive 
memory, tact, and common sense, — these 
are vital to good speaking. 

The physical requirements of the pub- 
lic speaker comprise good health and 
bodily vigor. He must have power of 
endurance, since there will be at times 
arduous demands upon him. It is 
worthy of note that most of the world’s 
great orators have been men with great 
animal vitality. 


149 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


The student of public speaking should 
give careful attention to his personal ap- 
pearance, which includes care of the 
teeth. His clothes, linen, and the evi- 
dence of general care and cleanliness, 
will play an important part in the im- 
pression he makes upon an audience. 

Elocutionary training is essential. 
Daily drill in deep breathing, articula- 
tion, pronunciation, voice culture, ges- 
ture, and expression, are prerequisites 
to polished speech. Experienced public 
speakers of the best type know the 
necessity for daily practise. 

The mental training of the public 
speaker , so often neglected, should be 
regular and thorough. A reliable mem- 
ory and a vivid imagination are his in- 
dispensable allies. 

The moral side of the public speaker 
will include the development of charac- 
ter, sympathy, self-confidence and kin- 


HOW TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC 

dred qualities. To be a leader of other 
men, a speaker must have clear, settled, 
vigorous views upon the subject under 
consideration. 

So much, briefly, as to the previous 
preparation of the speaker. 

HOW THE SPEAKER MUST PREPARE 
HIS SPEECH 

As to the speech itself , the speaker 
first chooses a subject. This will de- 
pend upon the nature of the occasion 
and the purpose in view. He proceeds 
intelligently to gather material on his 
selected theme, supplementing the re- 
sources of his own mind with informa- 
tion from books, periodicals, and other 
sources. 

The next step is to make a brief, or 
outline of his subject. A brief is com- 
posed of three parts, called the intro- 
duction, the discussion or statement of 
V>\ 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


facts, and the conclusion. Principal 
ideas are placed under headings and sub- 
headings. 

The speaker next writes out his speech 
in full , using the brief as the basis of 
procedure. The discipline of writing out 
a speech, even tho the intention is to 
speak without notes, is of inestimable 
value. It is one of the best indications 
of the speaker’s thoroughness and sin- 
cerity. 

When the speech has at last been care- 
fully written out, revised, and approved, 
should it be committed word for word to 
memory, or only in part, or should the 
speaker read from the manuscript? 

THE PART MEMORY PLAYS IN 
PUBLIC SPEAKING 

Here circumstances must govern. The 
most approved method is to fix the 
thoughts clearly in mind , and to trust 
152 


HOW TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC 


to the time of speaking for exact phrase - 
ology. This method requires, however, 
that the speaker rehearse his speech over 
and over again, changing the form of 
the words frequently, so as to acquire 
facility in the use of language. 

The great objection to memoriter 
speaking is that it limits and handicaps 
the speaker . He is like a school-boy 
“saying his piece.” He is in constant 
danger of running off the prescribed 
track and of having to begin again at 
some definite point. 

The most effective speaker to-day is 
the one who can think clearly and 
promptly on his feet, and can speak 
from his personality rather than from 
his memory. Untrammelled by manu- 
script or effort of memory, he gives full 
and spontaneous expression to his pow- 
ers. On the other hand, a speech from 
memory is like a recitation, almost in- 
153 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


evitably stilted and artificial in char- 
acter. 

THE STUDY OF WORDS AND IDEAS 

Those who would become highly pro- 
ficient in public speaking should form 
the dictionary habit. It is a profitable 
and pleasant exercise to study lists of 
words and to incorporate them in one’s 
daily conversation. Ten minutes devoted 
regularly every day to this study will 
build the vocabulary in a rapid manner. 

The study of words is really a study 
of ideas, — since words are symbols of 
ideas, — and while the student is increas- 
ing his working vocabulary, in the way 
indicated, he is at the same time fur- 
nishing his mind with new and useful 
ideas. 

One of the best exercises for the stu- 
dent of public speaking is to read aloud 
daily, taking care to read as he would 
speak . He should choose one of the 
154 


HOW TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC 

standard writers, such as Stevenson, 
Ruskin, Newman, or Carlyle, and while 
reading severely criticize his delivery. 
Such reading should be done standing 
up and as if addressing an audience. 
This simple exercise will, in the course of 
a few weeks, yield the most gratifying 
results. 

It is true that 4 4 All art must be pre- 
ceded by a certain mechanical expert- 
ness, ,, but as the highest art is to con- 
ceal art, a student must learn eventually 
to abandon thought of “exercises” and 
“rules.” 

ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF THE PUBLIC 
SPEAKER 

The three greatest qualities in a suc- 
cessful public speaker are simplicity, 
directness, and deliberateness. 

Lincoln had these qualities in pre- 
eminent degree. His speech at Gettys- 
burg — the model short speech of all 
155 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


history — occupied about three minutes 
in delivery. Edward Everett well said 
afterward that he would have been con- 
tent to make the same impression in 
three hours which Lincoln made in that 
many minutes. 

The great public speakers in all times 
have been earnest and diligent students. 
We are familiar with the indefatigable 
efforts of Demosthenes, who rose from 
very ordinary circumstances, and goaded 
by the realization of great natural de- 
fects, through assiduous self-training 
eventually made the greatest of the 
world’s orations, “The Speech on the 
Crown.’ ’ 

Cicero was a painstaking disciple of 
the speaker’s art and gave himself much 
to the discipline of the pen. His mas- 
terly work on oratory in which he com- 
mends others to write much, remains un- 
surpassed to this day. 

156 


HOW TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC 

John Bright, the eminent British ora- 
tor, always required time for prepara- 
tion. He read every morning from the 
Bible, from which he drew rich material 
for argument and illustration. A re- 
markable thing about him was that he 
spoke seldom. 

Phillips Brooks was an ideal speaker, 
combining simplicity and sympathy in 
large degree. He was a splendid type 
of pulpit orator produced by broad spir- 
itual culture. 

Henry Ward Beecher had unique 
powers as a dramatic and eloquent 
speaker. In his youth he hesitated in 
his speech, which led him to study elocu- 
tion. He himself tells of how he went 
to the woods daily to practise vocal 
exercises. 

He was an exponent of thorough prep- 
aration, never speaking upon a subject 
until he had made it his own by diligent 
157 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


study. Like Phillips Brooks, he was a 
man of large sympathy and imagination 
— two faculties indispensable to persua- 
sive eloquence. 

It was his oratory that first brought 
fame to Gladstone. He had a superb 
voice, and he possest that fighting force 
essential to a great public debater. 
When he quitted the House of Commons 
in his eighty-fifth year his powers of 
eloquence were practically unimpaired. 

Wendell Phillips was distinguished 
for his personality, conversational style, 
and thrilling voice. He had a wonderful 
vocabulary, and a personal magnetism 
which won men instantly to him. It is 
said that he relied principally upon the 
power of truth to make his speaking 
eloquent. He, too, was an untiring stu- 
dent of the speaker’s art. 

As we examine the lives and records 
of eminent speakers of other days, we 
158 


HOW TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC 

are imprest with, the fact that they 
were sincere and earnest students of the 
art in which they ultimately excelled. 

LEARNING TO THINK ON YOUR FEET 

One of the best exercises for learning 
to think and speak on the feet is to prac- 
tise daily giving one minute impromptu 
talks upon chosen subjects. A good plan 
is to write subjects of a general charac- 
ter, on say fifty or more cards, and then 
to speak on each subject as it is chosen. 

This simple exercise will rapidly de- 
velop facility of thought and expression 
and give greatly increased self-confi- 
dence. 

It is a good plan to prepare more ma- 
terial than one intends to use — at least 
twice as much. It gives a comfortable 
feeling of security when one stands be- 
fore an audience, to know that if some 
of the prepared matter evades his mem- 
159 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

or y, he still has ample material at his 
ready service. 

There is no more interesting and val- 
uable study than that of speaking in 
public. It confers distinct advantages 
by way of improved health, through spe- 
cial exercise in deep breathing and voice 
culture; by way of stimulated thought 
and expression; and by an increase of 
self-confidence and personal power. 

Men and women in constantly increas- 
ing numbers are realizing the importance 
of public speaking, and as questions mul- 
tiply for debate and solution the need for 
this training will be still more widely 
appreciated, so that a practical knowl- 
edge of public speaking will in time be 
considered indispensable to a well- 
rounded education. 


160 


HOW TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC 


Speech for Study, with Lesson Talk 

THE STYLE OF THEODORE 
ROOSEVELT 

The speeches of Mr. Roosevelt com- 
mend themselves to the student of public 
speaking for their fearlessness, frank- 
ness, and robustness of thought. His 
aim was deliberate and effective. 

His style was generally exuberant, 
and the note of personal assertion 
prominent. He was direct in diction, 
often vehement in feeling, and one of his 
characteristics was a visible satisfaction 
when he drove home a special thought 
to his hearers. 

It is hoped that the extract reprinted 
here, from Mr. Roosevelt’s famous ad- 
dress, “The Strenuous Life,” will lead 
the student to study the speech in its 
entirety. The speech will be found in 
161 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


“ Essays and Addresses,’ ’ published by 
The Century Company. 


THE STRENUOUS LIFE « 

By Theodore Roosevelt 

In speaking to you, men of the great- 
est city of the West, men of the State 
which gave to the country Lincoln and 
Grant, men who preeminently and dis- 
tinctly embody all that is most American 
in the American character, I wish to 
preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, 
but the doctrine of the strenuous life, 
the life of toil and effort, of labor and 
strife; to preach that highest form of 
success which comes, not to the man who 
desires mere easy peace, but to the man 
who does not shrink from danger, from 


* Extract from speech before the Hamilton Club, 
Chicago, April 10, 1899. From the “Strenuous Life. 
Essays and Addresses’ ’ by Theodore Roosevelt. The 
Century Co., 1900. 


162 


HOW TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC 

hardship, or from bitter toil, and who out 
of these wins the splendid ultimate tri- 
umph. 

A life of slothful ease, a life of that 
peace which springs merely from lack 
either of desire or of power to strive 
after great things, is as little worthy of 
a nation as of an individual. I ask 
only that what every self-respecting 
American demands from himself and his 
sons shall be demanded of the American 
nation as a whole. Who among you 
would teach the hoys that ease, that 
peace, is to be the first consideration in 
their eyes — to be the ultimate goal after 
which they strive? You men of Chicago 
have made this city great, you men of 
Illinois have done your share, and more 
than your share, in making America 
great, because you neither preach nor 
practise such a doctrine. You work, 
yourselves, and you bring up your son« 
168 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 

to work. If you are rich and are worth 
your salt you will teach your sons that 
tho they may have leisure, it is not to be 
spent in idleness; for wisely used leis- 
ure merely means that those who pos- 
sess it, being free from the necessity of 
working for their livelihood, are all the 
more hound to carry on some kind of 
lion-remunerative work in science, in 
letters, in art, in exploration, in histori- 
cal research — work of the type we most 
need in this country, the successful car- 
rying out of which reflects most honor 
upon the nation. We do not admire the 
man of timid peace. We admire the 
man who embodies victorious effort ; the 
man who never wrongs his neighbor, who 
is prompt to help a friend, hut who has 
those virile qualities necessary to win 
in the stern strife of actual life. It is 
hard to fail, but it is worse never to have 
tried to succeed. In this life we get 
164 


HOW TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC 

nothing save by effort. Freedom from 
effort in the present merely means that 
there has been stored up effort in the 
past. A man can be freed from the ne- 
cessity of work only by the fact that he 
or his fathers before him have worked 
to good purpose. If the freedom thus 
purchased is used aright and the man 
still does actual work tho of a different 
kind, whether as a writer or a general, 
whether in the field of politics or in the 
field of exploration and adventure, he 
shows he deserves his good fortune. But 
if he treats this period of freedom from 
the need of actual labor as a period, 
not of preparation, but of more enjoy- 
ment, he shows that he is simply a cum- 
berer on the earth’s surface, and he 
surely unfits himself to hold his own with 
his fellows if the need to do so should 
again arise. A mere life of ease is not 
in the end a very satisfactory life, and, 
165 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


above all, it is a life which ultimately 
unfits those who follow it for serious 
work in the world. 

In the last analysis a healthy State 
can exist only when the men and women 
who make it up lead clean, vigorous, 
healthy lives; when the children are so 
trained that they shall endeavor, not to 
shirk difficulties, but to overcome them; 
not to seek ease, but to know how to 
wrest triumph from toil and risk. The 
man must be glad to do a man’s work, 
to dare and endure and to labor; to keep 
himself, and to keep those dependent up- 
on him. The woman must be the house- 
wife, the helpmeet of the homemaker, 
the wise and fearless mother of many 
healthy children. In one of Daudet’s 
powerful and melancholy books he 
speaks of “the fear of maternity, the 
haunting terror of the young wife of the 
present day.” When such words can 
166 


HOW TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC 

be truthfully written of a nation, that 
nation is rotten to the heart’s core. When 
men fear work or fear righteous war, 
when women fear motherhood, they 
tremble on the brink of doom; and well 
it is that they should vanish from the 
earth, where they are fit subjects for 
the scorn of all men and women who are 
themselves strong and brave and high- 
minded. 

As it is with the individual, so it is 
with the nation. It is a base untruth to 
say that happy is the nation that has no 
history. Thrice happy is the nation that 
has a glorious history. Far better it is 
to dare mighty things, to win glorious 
triumphs, even tho checkered by failure, 
than to take rank with those poor spirits 
who neither enjoy much nor suffer much, 
because they live in the gray twilight 
that knows not victory nor defeat. If 
in 1861 the men who loved the Union had 
167 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


believed that peace was the end of all 
things, and war and strife the worst of 
all things, and had acted np to their 
belief, we would have saved hundreds of 
lives, we would have saved hundreds of 
millions of dollars. Moreover, besides 
saving all the blood and treasure we*then 
lavished, we would have prevented the 
heartbreak of many women, the dissolu- 
tion of many homes, and we would have 
spared the country those months of 
gloom and shame when it seemed as if 
our armies marched only to defeat. We 
could have avoided all this suffering 
simply by shrinking from strife. And 
if we had thus avoided it, we would 
have shown that we were weaklings, 
and that we were unfit to stand among 
the great nations of the earth. Thank 
God for the iron in the blood of our 
fathers, the men who upheld the wis- 
dom of Lincoln, and bore sword or rifle 
168 


HOW TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC 


in the armies of Grant ! Let us, the chil- 
dren of the men who proved themselves 
equal to the mighty days, let us the 
children of the men who carried the 
great Civil War to a triumphant conclu- 
sion, praise the God of our fathers that 
the ignoble counsels of peace were re- 
jected; that the suffering and loss, the 
blackness of sorrow and despair were 
unflinchingly faced, and the years of 
strife endured; for in the end the slave 
was freed, the Union restored, and the 
mighty American republic placed once 
more as a helmeted queen among na- 
tions 

The Army and Navy are the sword and 
shield which this nation must carry if she 
is to do her duty among the nations 
of the earth — if she is not to stand 
merely as the China of the western hemi- 
sphere. Our proper conduct toward 
the tropic islands we have wrested from 
169 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


Spain is merely the form which our duty 
has taken at the moment. Of course, we 
are bound to handle the affairs of our 
own household well. We must see that 
there is civic good sense in our home ad- 
ministration of city, State and nation. 
We must strive for honesty in office, for 
honesty toward the creditors of the na- 
tion and of the individual, for the widest 
freedom of individual initiative where 
possible, and for the wisest control of 
individual initiative where it is hos- 
tile to the welfare of the many. 
But because we set our own house- 
hold in order we are not thereby 
excused from playing our part in the 
great affairs of the world. A man’s first 
duty is to his own home, but he is not 
thereby excused from doing his duty to 
the State ; for if he fails in this second 
duty, it is under the penalty of ceasing 
to be a freeman. In the same way, while 
170 


HOW TO SPEAK IN PUBLIC 

a nation’s first duty is within its own 
borders it is not thereby absolved from 
facing its duties in the world as a whole ; 
and if it refuses to do so, it merely for- 
feits its right to struggle for a place 
among the peoples that shape the des- 
tiny of mankind. 

I preach to you, then, my countrymen, 
that our country calls not for the life of 
ease, but for the life of strenuous en- 
deavor. The twentieth century looms 
before us big with the fate of many na- 
tions. If we stand idly by, if we seek 
merely swollen, slothful ease and ig- 
noble peace, if we shrink from the hard 
contests where men must win at hazard 
of their lives and at the risk of all they 
hold dear, then the bolder and stronger 
peoples will pass us by, and will win for 
themselves the domination of the world. 
Let us, therefore, boldly face the life of 

171 


METHODS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING 


strife, resolute to do our duty well and 
manfully; resolute to uphold righteous- 
ness by deed and by word ; resolute to be 
both honest and brave, to serve high 
ideals, yet to use practical methods. 
Above all, let us shrink from no strife, 
moral or physical, within or without the 
nation, provided we are certain that the 
strife is justified, for it is only through 
strife, through hard and dangerous en- 
deavor, that we shall ultimately win the 
goal of true national greatness. 


172 


HOW TO 

Devolop Self-Confidence 
IN SPEECH AND MANNER 

By GRENVILLE KLEISER 

Author of “ How to Argue and Win," 

In all fields of endeavor there are thousands of 
people who are forced to remain in the background 
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manner — the very fundamental of success. For just 
such people Grenville Kleiser has written his book 
(t How to Develop Self-Confidence in Speech and 
Manner.” 

The work deals with methods of correction for 
self-consciousness, with manners as a power in the 
making of men, with the value of a cultivated and 
agreeable voice, with confidence in society and 
business. A series of suggestions is given for an 
every-day cultivation of these qualities. 

“Embodies in a most encouraging and practical 
way all that is needed to make one who is naturally 
timid or fearful in speech and manner, self-poised, 
calm, dignified and confident of himself. It must be 
said that the method proposed is one of sober self- 
estimate and persistent effort along well considered 
lines of thought and action, designed to eradicate this 
uneasiness .” — Times Dispatch , Richmond, Va. 

12 mo, Cloth. $1.50, Net ; by mail , $1.65 
FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY, Publishers 

NEW YORK and LONDON 



ELSIE JANIS, the wonderful protean actress , says “7 
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carefully read , will greatly assist. Have several books of choice 
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published. ” 


HUMOROUS HITS 

And How to Hold an Audience 
B y GRENVILLE KLEISER 

Author of “ How to Argue and Win.” 

This is a choice, new collection of effective recita- 
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In this book, Mr. Kleiser also gives practical 
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Cloth 12m», 316 pages. Price, $1.23, Net ; Post-Paid, 31.37 

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10587 499 












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